Generating and displaying holograms

ABSTRACT

Techniques for generating 3-D holographic images of a 3-D real or synthetic object scene are presented. A holographic generator component (HGC) can obtain a real or synthetic 3-D object scene. The HGC generates a high-resolution grating, and generates a low-resolution mask based on the 3-D object scene. The HGC overlays the mask on the grating to generate the hologram, which can be a digital mask programmable hologram. The HGC can use the grating as an encryption key, if desired, wherein the mask can be encrypted based on the encryption key. The display component receives the hologram and can generate holographic images, based on the hologram, and display the holographic images using one or more low-resolution displays. The grating and display can be arranged in various formations in relation to each other. A single display can be partitioned into a tile structure for displaying holographic images in the respective tiles.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject disclosure relates generally to holograms, and inparticular, to generating and displaying holograms.

BACKGROUND

With the advancement of computers, digital holography has become an areaof interest and has gained some popularity. Conventionally, a Fresnelhologram of a three-dimensional scene can be generated numerically bycomputing the fringe patterns emerged from each object point to thehologram plane. Research findings derived from digital holographytechnology have demonstrated the possibility for generating holograms(e.g., medium-sized holograms) for representing three-dimensional (3-D)scenes that can contain a relatively large number of object points. Sometechniques have been able to generate and process digital holograms atvideo rates with the use of the wavefront recording plane.

While these results are encouraging, they are shrouded by the lack ofhigh-resolution real-time spatial light modulators (SLMs) (e.g., SLMs of5 microns or less) for displaying the digital holograms. Although higherresolution holographic displays can be implemented with the integrationof an active tiling method and optically addressed SLMs (OASLMs), thecost of such systems can be expensive, and implementation of suchsystems also can be complex.

The above-described description is merely intended to provide acontextual overview of generating and displaying digital holograms, andis not intended to be exhaustive.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects of thedisclosed subject matter in order to provide a basic understanding ofsome aspects described herein. This summary is not an extensive overviewof the disclosed subject matter. It is intended to neither identify keyor critical elements of the disclosed subject matter nor delineate thescope of such aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts ofthe disclosed subject matter in a simplified form as a prelude to themore detailed description that is presented later.

Systems, methods, computer readable storage mediums, and techniquesdisclosed herein relate to generating holograms. Disclosed herein is asystem comprising at least one memory that stores computer executablecomponents, and at least one processor that facilitates execution of thecomputer executable components stored in the at least one memory. Thecomputer executable components comprising a holographic generatorcomponent that generates a hologram, based at least in part on an objectscene, wherein the hologram corresponds to the object scene. Thecomputer executable components also including a facilitator componentthat generates a grating, generates a mask based at least in part on theobject scene, and overlays the mask on the grating to facilitategeneration of the hologram by the holographic generator component.

Also disclosed herein is a method that includes generating, by a systemincluding at least one processor, a grating pattern. The method alsoincludes generating, by the system, a mask pattern based at least inpart on an object scene and the grating pattern. The method furtherincludes overlaying, by the system the mask pattern on to the gratingpattern to facilitate generating a hologram that corresponds to theobject scene.

Further disclosed herein is a non-transitory computer readable storagemedium comprising computer executable instructions that, in response toexecution, cause a system including a processor to perform operations.The operations include generating a grating image. The operations alsoinclude generating a mask image based at least in part on athree-dimensional object scene and the grating image. The operationsfurther include overlaying the mask image on to the grating image tofacilitate generating a hologram that corresponds to thethree-dimensional object scene.

The disclosed subject matter also includes a system comprising means forgenerating a grating. The system also includes means for generating amask based at least in part on a three-dimensional object scene and thegrating. The system further includes means for superposing the mask andthe grating to facilitate generating a hologram that corresponds to thethree-dimensional object scene.

The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detailcertain illustrative aspects of the disclosed subject matter. Theseaspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways inwhich the principles of the disclosed subject matter may be employed,and the disclosed subject matter is intended to include all such aspectsand their equivalents. Other advantages and distinctive features of thedisclosed subject matter will become apparent from the followingdetailed description of the disclosed subject matter when considered inconjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example system that canefficiently generate a three-dimensional (3-D) hologram(s) (e.g.,full-parallax 3-D Fresnel hologram(s)) of a real or synthetic 3-D objectscene(s) in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of thedisclosed subject matter.

FIG. 2 depicts a diagram of an example digital mask programmablehologram (DMPH) in accordance with various aspects and implementationsof the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 3 illustrates a system for generating and displaying holograms, inaccordance with various aspects and implementations of the disclosedsubject matter.

FIG. 4 illustrates another system for generating and displayingholograms, in accordance with various aspects and implementations of thedisclosed subject matter.

FIG. 5 depicts still another system for generating and displayingholograms, in accordance with various aspects and implementations of thedisclosed subject matter.

FIG. 6 illustrates a system for displaying holograms, in accordance withvarious aspects and implementations of the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 7 depicts a system for encrypting holographic data and displayingholograms, in accordance with various aspects and implementations of thedisclosed subject matter.

FIG. 8 illustrates a diagram of an example image (e.g., target image).

FIG. 9 depicts the simulated numerical reconstructed image of aconventional hologram displayed on a low-resolution spatial lightmodulator (SLM).

FIG. 10 presents an example reconstructed image of a DMPH, in accordancewith various aspects and implementations of the disclosed subjectmatter.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example binary mask that is used as part of theDMPH to facilitate generating a reconstructed image (e.g., holographicimage), in accordance with aspects and implementations of the disclosedsubject matter.

FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of an example holographic generatorcomponent (HGC) that can efficiently generate a 3-D hologram(s) of areal or synthetic 3-D object scene(s) in accordance with various aspectsand implementations of the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 13 depicts a block diagram of an example display component that canefficiently display a 3-D hologram(s) of a real or synthetic 3-D objectscene(s) in accordance with various aspects and implementations of thedisclosed subject matter.

FIG. 14 presents a block diagram of a system that can employintelligence to facilitate generation of a 3-D hologram of a real orsynthetic 3-D object scene in accordance with an embodiment of thedisclosed subject matter.

FIG. 15 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method for generating a3-D hologram(s) of a real or synthetic 3-D object scene(s) in accordancewith various embodiments and aspects of the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 16 depicts a flow diagram of another example method for efficientlygenerating a 3-D hologram(s) of a real or synthetic 3-D object scene(s)in accordance with various embodiments and aspects of the disclosedsubject matter.

FIG. 17 presents a flow diagram of an example method for determining amask to facilitate generating a 3-D hologram(s) of a real or synthetic3-D object scene(s) in accordance with various embodiments and aspectsof the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 18 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method for encryptingholographic data and generating a 3-D hologram(s) of a real or synthetic3-D object scene(s) in accordance with various embodiments and aspectsof the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 19 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a suitable operatingenvironment.

FIG. 20 is a schematic block diagram of a sample-computing environment.

FIG. 21 depicts a diagram of an example optical holography process forgeneration and use of a hologram to reproduce a 3-D object scene fromtwo-dimensional media.

FIG. 22 presents a diagram of an example computer generated holographyprocess for computer generation of a hologram of a 3-D computer graphicmodel of a synthesized 3-D object scene.

FIG. 23 illustrates a diagram of example holographic process wherein areference beam can be applied to a diffraction pattern at a desiredincident angle to facilitate generating the hologram.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosed subject matter is described with reference to thedrawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to likeelements throughout. In the following description, for purposes ofexplanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to providea thorough understanding of the various embodiments of the subjectdisclosure. It may be evident, however, that the disclosed subjectmatter may be practiced without these specific details. In otherinstances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagramform in order to facilitate describing the various embodiments herein.

With the advancement of computers, digital holography has become an areaof interest and has gained some popularity. Conventionally, a Fresnelhologram of a three-dimensional scene can be generated numerically bycomputing the fringe patterns emerged from each object point to thehologram plane. Research findings derived from digital holographytechnology have demonstrated the possibility for generating holograms(e.g., medium-sized holograms) for representing three-dimensional (3-D)scenes that can contain a relatively large number of object points. Sometechniques have been able to generate and process digital holograms atvideo rates with the use of the wavefront recording plane.

While these results are encouraging, conventional techniques forgenerating and displaying holograms have deficiencies. For instance,there are significant problems in displaying digital holograms due tothe lack of high-resolution real-time spatial light modulators (SLMs)(e.g., SLMs of 5 microns or less) that may be used for displaying theholograms. Also, although higher resolution holographic displays can beimplemented with the integration of an active tiling method andoptically addressed SLMs (OASLMs), the cost of such systems can beexpensive, and implementation of such systems also can be complex.

Still another problem with conventional display techniques is due to theresolution of existing display media, such as SLMs, liquid crystal onsilicon (LCoS), and image setters, which can be significantly lower thanthe wavelength of light. A typical SLM can have a dot-pitch of 10 μm,but the resolution is significantly behind the desired resolution for adecent holographic display. Generally, for a hologram to deliver areconstructed holographic image with reasonable quality, it can bedesirable for the dot-pitch to be 5 μm or less. However, a SLM or LCoSbelow 5 μm is generally not available in the market, and currentlydisplays having a resolution below 5 μm are fabricated in a laboratoryenvironment and are relatively expensive. Further, the size of the SLMor LCoS can be rather small, normally within 2 cm square.

Another technique for producing holograms is to produce the hologram ona photographic film with a fringe printer. However, this technique canbe very time consuming and is generally only applicable to handle thedisplay of static holographic images.

To that end, techniques for generating and displaying three-dimensional(3-D) holograms (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holograms) of a real orsynthetic 3-D object scene are presented. A holographic generatorcomponent (HGC) can receive (e.g., obtain) a real 3-D object scene(e.g., a captured scene), or can generate or receive a synthetic 3-Dobject scene. The HGC can generate a digital 3-D hologram (e.g.,full-parallax 3-D Fresnel hologram) to facilitate generating,reconstructing, and displaying digital 3-D holographic images (e.g., 3-DFresnel holographic images) that can represent or recreate the originalreal or synthetic 3-D object scene.

In some implementations, the HGC can generate holograms, such as digitalmask programmable holograms (DMPHs) that can be different from theclassical digital Fresnel holograms. A DMPH can mimic a high-resolutionhologram, but also can be displayed using display devices that can haveconsiderably lower resolution. The HGC can produce a DMPH by thesuperposition of two images. For instance, the HGC can produce a DMPHthat can comprise a static, high-resolution grating (e.g., a statichigh-resolution image) and a lower-resolution mask (e.g., alower-resolution image), wherein the lower-resolution mask can beoverlaid onto or superpositioned with the high-resolution grating. TheHGC can generate a DMPH such that the reconstructed holographic image ofthe DMPH can be programmed to approximate a target image (e.g., planartarget image), including both intensity and depth information, byconfiguring the pattern of the mask.

The disclosed subject matter also can include a display component fordisplaying the holograms generated by the HGC. In some implementations,the display component can be associated with (e.g., communicativelyconnected to) the HGC. The display component can employ a low-resolutiondisplay, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), wherein thelower-resolution mask can be realized using the less stringent displaytechnology (e.g., with a dot-pitch of 20 μm or more). The displaycomponent can display the DMPHs for presentation of the 3-D holographicimages (e.g., 3-D Fresnel holographic images) to viewers. The disclosedsubject matter, by generating holograms, such as DMPHs, which can bereconstructed and displayed using relatively low-resolution displays,such as low-resolution LCD displays, can be significantly more costefficient than conventional hologram techniques. Also, the disclosedsubject matter can configure the display component to produce a displayof larger size (e.g., using the lower-resolution display devices) thanconventional holographic displays.

Turning to the drawings, and referring initially to FIGS. 21-23, FIG. 21illustrates a diagram of an example optical holography process 2100 forgeneration and use of a hologram to reproduce a 3-D object scene fromtwo-dimensional (2-D) media (e.g., film). As part of the opticalholography process 2100, as depicted at 2102, a 3-D object scene 2104can be recorded or obtained using, for example, a laser and/or acapturing device, to generate a hologram 2106 that can comprise 2-Dimages (e.g., 2-D images of a 3-D object image from variousperspectives). The hologram 2106 can be recorded on media (e.g., 2-Dmedia, such as film). As further part of the optical holography process2100, as depicted at 2108, a laser (e.g., reference beam) can be appliedto the hologram 2106 to generate or reconstruct 3-D holographic images2110 that can represent or recreate the original 3-D object scene.

FIG. 22 depicts a diagram of an example computer generated holography(CGH) process 2200 for computer generation of a hologram of a 3-Dcomputer graphic model of a synthesized 3-D object scene. The CGHprocess 2200 can be used to generate holograms numerically from 3-Dcomputer-generated models that synthesize a 3-D object scene that doesnot exist in the real world.

As part of the CGH process 2200, at 2202, a computer-graphic model of a3-D object scene can be generated (e.g., by a computer). Thecomputer-graphic model of a 3-D object scene can depict the 3-D objectscene from various perspectives (e.g., encompassing a 360-degreeperspective). At 2204, a computer (e.g., employing an image generator)can be used to generate a hologram file associated with thecomputer-graphic model of a 3-D object scene, as shown at 2206. Thehologram file can be an electronic file comprising data that, for each3-D image of the scene, can correspond or relate to a desired number of2-D images from various perspectives of the 3-D image that together(e.g., when integrated) can make up (e.g., reconstruct) the 3-D image.

At 2208, a printer (e.g., fringe printer) can be used to generate ahologram (e.g., 3-D Fresnel hologram) that can be recorded, printed, orcontained on a desired media (e.g., 2-D media, such as film), as shownat 2210. For a 3-D object image or scene (e.g., computer-graphic modelof a 3-D object scene), the CGH process 2200 can generate a Fresnelhologram numerically as the real part of the product of the object(e.g., 3-D object image) and planar reference waves. A 3-D Fresnelholographic image or scene can be reconstructed using the Fresnelhologram and a reference beam (e.g., laser).

For example, a planar object can generate a diffraction pattern D(x,y),which can result in a hologram after adding a reference beam. Given aset of 3-D object points O=[o₀(x₀, y₀, z₀),o₁(x₁, y₁, z₁), . . . ,o_(N-1)(x_(N-1), y_(N-1), z_(N-1))], the diffraction pattern D(x, y) canbe generated numerically with the following equation:

${D( {x,y} )} = {{\sum\limits_{j = 0}^{N_{P} - 1}{\frac{a_{j}}{r_{j}}{\exp( {{\mathbb{i}}\; k\; r_{j}} )}}} = {\sum\limits_{j = 0}^{N_{P} - 1}\lfloor {{\frac{a_{j}}{r_{j}}{\cos( {k\; r_{j}} )}} + {{\mathbb{i}}\;\frac{a_{j}}{r_{j}}{\sin( {k\; r_{j}} )}}} \rfloor}}$where a_(j) and r_(j) represent the intensity of the ‘jth’ point in O(e.g., source object) and its distance to the position (x, y) on thediffraction plane,

$k = \frac{2\;\pi}{\lambda}$is the wavenumber and λ is the wavelength of the reference beam.Subsequently, a hologram H(x, y) can be generated by adding a referencebeam (R(x,y)) to the diffraction pattern (D(x,y)), in accordance withthe following equation:H(x,y)=Re{D(x,y)R*(x,y)}

In a relatively simple case, R(x,y) can be a plane wave R(y). Referringbriefly to FIG. 23, illustrated is a diagram of example holographicprocess 2300 wherein a reference beam R(y) can be applied to adiffraction pattern at a desired incident angle θ to facilitategenerating the hologram.

In some implementations, an electronically-accessed display unit(s),such as an SLM, an LCoS, or an LCD, can be used to enable computergenerated holograms to be displayed in real time without the need ofproducing hardcopies with photographic techniques or an expensive fringewriter.

Turning to FIG. 1, illustrated is a block diagram of an example system100 that can efficiently generate a three-dimensional (3-D) hologram(s)(e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel hologram(s)) of a real or synthetic 3-Dobject scene(s) in accordance with various aspects and embodiments ofthe disclosed subject matter. In an aspect, the system 100 can include aholographic generator component (HGC) 102 that can desirably generate ahologram (e.g., sequence of 3-D holographic images) that can represent a3-D object scene (e.g., real or computer-synthesized 3-D object scene)from multiple different viewing perspectives that can correspond tomultiple different viewing perspectives of the 3-D object scene. Thehologram can be used to generate, reconstruct, or reproduce 3-Dholographic images for display to one or more viewers, wherein the 3-Dholographic images can represent or recreate the original 3-D objectscene from multiple visual perspectives. In some embodiments, the HGC102 and/or other components (e.g., display component 104) of the system100 can be part of a multiple-view aerial holographic projection system(MVAHPS) that can generate and display a 3-D holographic image(s) of a3-D real or synthetic, static or animated, object scene viewable frommultiple perspectives (e.g., multiple angles in relation to the 3-Dobject scene), wherein the 3-D holographic image can be viewed, forexample, as a 3-D image floating in mid-air in a desired display area(e.g., 3-D chamber). The HGC 102 and display component 104 canfacilitate generating and displaying holograms at video rate in realtime (e.g., facilitate generating and displaying, for example, a2048×2048 pixel hologram, which can represent 4 million object points,at 40 frames per second in real time).

The HGC 102 can receive (e.g., obtain) a real 3-D object scene (e.g.,captured 3-D object scene), or can generate or receive a synthetic 3-Dobject scene (e.g., computer generated 3-D object scene). In someimplementations, the HGC 102 can generate or receive a computergenerated 3-D object scene that can be realized using numerical meanswithout the presence of a physical display (e.g., without the presenceof a physical 3-D object scene). Based at least in part on the real orsynthetic 3-D object scene, the HGC 102 can generate holograms, such asDMPHs that can mimic high-resolution holograms, but also can bedisplayed using display devices that can have considerably lowerresolution (e.g., a resolution that can correspond to a dot-pitch of 20microns or more), wherein the generated holograms (e.g., full-parallax3-D Fresnel holographic images) can represent or recreate the original3-D object scene from multiple visual perspectives. The HGC 102 canproduce a DMPH by the superposition of two images. The HGC 102 cangenerate a DMPH that can comprise a static, high-resolution grating(e.g., a static high-resolution image), and a lower-resolution mask(e.g., a lower-resolution image), wherein the lower-resolution mask canbe overlaid onto or superpositioned with the high-resolution grating.The HGC 102 can generate a DMPH such that the reconstructed holographicimage of the DMPH can be programmed to approximate a target image (e.g.,target planar image that can be located a defined distance from thehologram), including both intensity and depth information, byconfiguring the pattern of the mask.

The system 100 also can include a display component 104 that can be usedto display the 3-D holograms generated by the HGC 102. In someimplementations, the display component 104 can be associated with (e.g.,communicatively connected to) the HGC 102. The display component 104 canemploy a low-resolution display, such as, for example, a low-resolutionLCD or LCoS, wherein the lower-resolution mask can be realized using theless stringent (e.g., relatively lower resolution) display technology(e.g., with a dot-pitch of 20 μm or more). The display component 104 candisplay the DMPHs for presentation of the 3-D holographic images (e.g.,3-D Fresnel holographic images) to viewers.

The HGC 102 can include a DMPH generator component 106 (also referred toherein as a hologram generator facilitator component or a facilitatorcomponent) that can generate the 3-D holograms, which can be or caninclude 3-D DMPHs. The DMPH generator component 106 can generate a firstimage G(x, y) that can be a static, high-resolution grating image, whichalso can be referred to as the grating or grating pattern, and can becomposed of a two-dimensional (2-D) array of sample object points. Inaccordance with various embodiments, the DMPH generator component 106can assign each sample object point a level of transparency ranging fromtotally transparent, which can be denoted by a first value, such as 0,to totally opaque, which can be denoted by a second value, such as 1.Each sample object point can be taken as a pixel of the grating.

In some embodiments, the DMPH generator component 106 can assign abinary value, which can be either 0 or 1 (e.g., either transparent oropaque), to each of the object points or pixels in the grating isbinary, and a grating with such pixel property can be referred to as abinary grating. For instance, the binary grating can be in the form of,for example, a checkerboard pattern with alternating 0 and 1 pixelsalong both the horizontal and the vertical directions. In anotherembodiment, the DMPH generator component 106 can randomly assign binaryvalues to form a random binary pattern. For example, the DMPH generatorcomponent 106 can assign each of the object points or pixels a randomvalue of either 0 or 1 according to a probability distribution. In otherembodiments, the DMPH generator component 106 can assign each of theobject points or pixels respective binary values of either 0 or 1 toform a grating that can have a periodic pattern with the transparency ofeach pixel varying according to a desired mathematical function (e.g., acosine function). In still other embodiments, the DMPH generatorcomponent 106 can assign each of the object points or pixels randomvalues representing respective degrees of transparency to form thegrating.

The DMPH generator component 106 typically can generate the gratingimage or pattern, based at least in part on one or more defined hologramgeneration criterion, without regard to the 3-D object scene. In otherimplementations, the DMPH generator component 106 can generate thegrating image or pattern based at least in part on the 3-D object sceneand/or one or more defined hologram generation criterion. The one ormore defined hologram generation criterion can relate to, for example, atype of object scene, a type of display and/or number of displays (ordisplay partitions) expected to be used to present the holographicimages, a desired display resolution for a reconstructed hologram, atype of hologram to be generated, whether the grating image or patternis being used as an encryption key to encrypt holographic dataassociated with a hologram, etc.

The DMPH generator component 106 also can generate a second image, whichcan be the mask image M(x, y), that also can be referred to as a mask ormask pattern. The mask image can be generated based at least in part onthe 3-D object scene, in accordance with the one or more definedhologram generation criterion. The mask image can be a 2-D array ofsample object points wherein each sample object point can have a certaindegree of transparency ranging between 0 and 1. The DMPH generatorcomponent 106 can generate the mask image so that the size of the maskimage, and the separation between the sample object points (e.g., thesampling pitch) can be identical, or at least substantially identical,to that of the grating (e.g., grating image). The DMPH generatorcomponent 106 can generate the mask image M(x, y) to have it partitioned(e.g., evenly partitioned) into non-overlapping square blocks each witha desired size, such as, e.g., k×k pixels, wherein k can be an integerthat can be larger than unity. For example, within each square block,the DMPH generator component 106 can set all of the pixels to anidentical transparency between 0 and 1, wherein each square block can betaken as a pixel of the mask. As such, the resolution of the mask can be(1/k)th of that of grating image G(x, y) along the horizontal and thevertical directions. That is, the pixel size of the mask can be k timeslarger than that of the grating along the horizontal and the verticaldirections.

The DMPH generator component 106 can superposition the grating image andthe mask image to facilitate generating a DMPH. For instance, the DMPHgenerator component 106 can superposition the grating image G(x, y) andthe mask image M(x, y) to facilitate generating a DMPH B(x, y) inaccordance with Equation (1):B(x,y)=G(x,y)M(x,y).  (1)

In some implementations, the DMPH generator component 106 can generatethe mask image M(x, y) to have each pixel in the mask image be binary(e.g., either transparent or opaque), wherein the mask image with suchpixel property can be referred as a binary mask. Referring briefly toFIG. 2 (along with FIG. 1), FIG. 2 depicts a diagram of an example DMPH200 in accordance with various aspects and implementations of thedisclosed subject matter. The DMPH generator component 106 can generatethe DMPH 200. The DMPH 200 can comprise a binary grating 202 (G(x, y)),which can be in the form of a checkerboard pattern. The binary grating202 can be a high-resolution grating. The DMPH 200 also can include abinary mask 204 (M(x, y)), which can contain a pattern of square blocks206. The binary mask 204 can be a low-resolution mask (e.g., can have alower resolution than the resolution of the binary grating 202). TheDMPH generator component 106 can generate the binary mask 204 to have itpartitioned (e.g., evenly partitioned) into non-overlapping squareblocks 206 that can each be a desired size, such as, e.g., k×k pixels,wherein k can be an integer that can be larger than unity. For example,within each square block 206, the DMPH generator component 106 can setall of the pixels to an identical transparency between 0 and 1, whereineach square block 206 can be taken as a pixel of the mask. As such, theresolution of the binary mask 204 can be (1/k)th of that of the binarygrating 202 (e.g., grating image) along the horizontal and the verticaldirections. The DMPH generator component 106 can overlay the binary mask204 (e.g., mask pattern) onto the binary grating 202.

With further regard to FIG. 1, if the DMPH generator component 106generates the DMPH as an on-axis hologram, the HGC 102 or displaycomponent 104 can illuminate the DMPH to generate a 3-D holographicimage with an on-axis coherent beam to reconstruct the image (e.g.,original 3-D image or scene) the DMPH represents. The magnitude of thereconstructed image (e.g., the 3-D holographic image) a distance z_(p)can be expressed, for example, in accordance with Equation (2a) as

$\begin{matrix}{{{I_{d}( {x,y} )} = {{\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{X}{\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{Y}{{B( {p,q} )}{\exp( {j\;\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\sqrt{\lbrack {( {x - p} )\delta\; d} \rbrack^{2} + \lbrack {( {y - q} )\delta\; d} \rbrack^{2} + z_{d}^{2}}} )}}}}}},} & ( {2a} )\end{matrix}$where j=√{square root over (−1)}, X and Y are the horizontal andvertical extents of the hologram, respectively, λ is the wavelength ofthe optical beam, and δd is the sampling pitch (e.g., the width, as wellas the height of a sample object point) in B(x, y). Without loss ofgenerality, it can be assumed that the hologram and the image scene canhave identical horizontal and vertical extents.

If the DMPH generator component 106 generates the DMPH as an off-axishologram, the HGC 102 or display component 104 can illuminate the DMPHto generate the corresponding 3-D holographic image with an off-axiscoherent beam to reconstruct the image (e.g., original 3-D image orscene) the DMPH represents. The HGC 102 or display component 104 cangenerate the off-axis beam to have it inclined at an angle along certaindirection that is not perpendicular to the hologram. If the off-axisbeam is given by R(x, y), the reconstructed image (e.g., the 3-Dholographic image) at a distance z_(p) can be expressed, for example, inaccordance with Equation (2b) as

$\begin{matrix}{{{I_{d}( {x,y} )} = {{\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{X}{\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{Y}{{B^{\prime}( {p,q} )}{\exp( {j\;\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\sqrt{\lbrack {( {x - p} )\delta\; d} \rbrack^{2} + \lbrack {( {y - q} )\delta\; d} \rbrack^{2} + z_{d}^{2}}} )}}}}}},} & ( {2b} )\end{matrix}$where B′(x, y)=B(x, y)R(x, y).

From Equations (1) and (2a) or (2b), it can be inferred that thereconstructed image can be dependent on the mask pattern. However, givenI_(d)(x, y) there is no explicit inverse formulation to compute M(x, y).In accordance with various aspects of the disclosed subject matter,determination of the mask pattern M(x, y) to comply with a given targetimage I_(d)(x, y) can be posed as an optimization process. As such, theDMPH generator component 106 can define an objective function O_(d) todetermine an error, such as, for example, the root mean square error(RMSE), between the reconstructed image I_(d)(x, y) and a planar targetimage T_(d)(x, y) that can be located at a distance z_(d) from thehologram, as shown in Equation (3)

$\begin{matrix}{O_{d} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{X\; Y}{\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{X}{\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{Y}\lbrack {{T_{d}( {p,q} )} - {I_{d}( {p,q} )}} \rbrack^{2}}}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

The DMPH generator component 106 can determine the mask pattern M(x, y)(e.g., mask image) such that the value of the objective function O_(d)can be minimized or at least substantially minimized Determining themask pattern can be a difficult problem, and it can be very difficult totry to determine the mask pattern using brute force means, such as ablind search, or other inefficient means. As an example, with regard tothe aforementioned mask pattern, wherein the mask pattern can comprisebinary pixels, with square blocks that can each be a desired size, suchas, e.g., k×k pixels, and X and Y being the horizontal and verticalextents of the hologram, a total of

$2^{(\frac{XY}{k^{2}})}$possible combinations can be represented in the mask pattern M(x, y).With a relatively modest square hologram with X and Y both equal to 256,and k=4, the total number of patterns that can be generated is 2⁴⁰⁹⁶.

In some implementations, the DMPH generator component 106 can determineor solve the optimization process, for example, as depicted in Equation(3), using a simple genetic algorithm (SGA), which is a process that canmimic the evolutionary mechanism in biological species. In otherimplementations, the DMPH generator component 106 can use other meansfor determining or solving the optimization process, wherein, forexample, the means can include, but is not limited to, the ParticleSwarm Optimization (PSO) or the Differential Evolution (DE). SGA, PSO,and DE are iterative processes for solving optimization problems. Anexample process using SGA to facilitate identifying a desirable (e.g.,optimal or acceptable) mask pattern is more fully described herein.

PSO can optimize a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidatesolution with regard to a given measure of quality (e.g., a fitnessmeasurement). Candidate solutions can be referred to as particles. PSOcan optimize a problem by having a population of particles and movingthese particles around in a search-space, in accordance with a formulaor function, over the respective positions and velocities of therespective particles. For each particle, the movement of the particlecan be guided by its best-known position and the best-known position ofthe swarm of particles in the search-space. As better positions for theparticles are identified, the positions can be updated and the movementsof particles in the swarm of particles can be further guided based onthe updated positions of respective particles. This can result (but isnot guaranteed to result) in movement of the swarm of particles towardthe best or at least acceptable candidate solutions.

DE can optimize a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidatesolution with regard to a given measure of quality (e.g., a fitnessmeasurement). DE can optimize a problem by maintaining a population ofcandidate solutions and creating new or updated candidate solutions bycombining existing ones, in accordance with a formula or function. TheDE can retain the candidate solution that has the best score or fitnessin relation to the optimization problem.

Referring again to the SGA, the SGA can be effective in solvingdifficult optimization problems in many engineering applications. Inaccordance with the disclosed subject matter, the DMPH generatorcomponent 106 can utilize a type of SGA (or PSO, DE, etc.) to facilitatedetermining the mask pattern for optimizing (e.g., minimizing or atleast substantially minimizing) the objective function O_(d) (e.g.,optimizing the objective function O_(d) in Equation (3)).

Employing the SGA, the DMPH generator component 106 can convert the maskpattern M(x, y) into a one-dimensional (1-D) sequence of numbers bychaining consecutive rows of pixel values (each pixel value cancorrespond to the transparency of the pixel). In the context of SGA, thesequence can be referred as a chromosome and its structure can bedepicted, for example, as:

-   -   M(0,0) M(0,k) M(0,2k)−M(0,Y/k−1) M(k,Y/k−1)−M(X/k−1,Y/k−1)

The chromosome can be interpreted as a 1-D array of data of lengthN=XY/k², and with the nth data (0≦n<XY/k²) that can be equal toM(floor(nk/Y),mod(nk,Y)), wherein floor(a) can be the largest integerthat is not greater than a, and mod(a,b) can be the remainder of a/b.

The DMPH generator component 106 can evaluate a fitness measurement forthe chromosome. The DMPH generator component 106 can determine (e.g.,calculate) the fitness measurement as a function of the objectivefunction O_(d). For example, the fitness measurement (fitness) can beexpressed asfitness=(1+O _(d))⁻¹,  (4)ranging from 0 to 1. In other implementations, the DMPH generatorcomponent 106 can utilize different mathematical expressions todetermine or define the fitness measurement. For instance, the DMPHgenerator component 106 can determine or define the fitness measurementusing any mathematical expression so long as that mathematicalexpression can correctly reflect the degree of similarity between thetarget image T_(d)(x, y), and the reconstructed image I_(d)(x, y)associated with the mask pattern M(x, y). A maximum fitness value ofunity can reflect or indicate that T_(d)(x, y) and I_(d)(x, y) areidentical. A minimum fitness value of zero can reflect or indicate thatT_(d)(x, y) and I_(d)(x, y) are completely different.

The DMPH generator component 106 can perform a process for applying SGAto facilitate identifying or determining the desired (e.g., bestachievable, optimal) mask pattern, in accordance with defined hologramgeneration criterion(s). The DMPH generator component 106 can generate apopulation comprising Q chromosomes. The DMPH generator component 106also can set a generation count t to a defined initial value, such as 0.The DMPH generator component 106 can randomly assign each data in achromosome a value between 1 and 0 with uniform or at leastsubstantially uniform probability.

The DMPH generator component 106 can evaluate the fitness of all or atleast a portion of the chromosomes in the population of chromosomes, forexample, in accordance with a mathematical expression (e.g., Equation4), in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. The DMPH generatorcomponent 106 also can select Q/2 pairs of parent chromosomes into amating pool with probabilities that can be proportional to theirfitness. The DMPH generator component 106 can adjust the generationcount t to a next defined value. For example, the DMPH generatorcomponent 106 can increase the generation count t by 1.

The DMPH generator component 106 can generate or establish a newgeneration of population (also referred to as the child population) ofchromosomes (e.g., Q chromosomes) by applying either one of the geneticoperations, which can be the crossover operation or the mutationoperation with respective probabilities p_(c) and p_(m), to each pair ofparent chromosomes, respectively. For the crossover operation, the DMPHgenerator component 106 can exchange or mix each corresponding pair ofdata in the parent strings according to certain defined rules, inaccordance with the defined hologram generation criterion(s). Forexample, one of the defined rules can be to have the DMPH generatorcomponent 106 swap the pair of data with a probability q_(c). Regardingmutation, the DMPH generator component 106 can select (e.g., randomlyselect) the data in the parent chromosomes with a probability q_(m), andthe DMPH generator component 106 can change the value of each of theselected data to a random value.

The DMPH generator component 106 can evaluate the fitness of all or atleast a portion of the respective chromosomes of all in the newpopulation of chromosomes, for example, in accordance with amathematical expression (e.g., Equation 4), in accordance with thedisclosed subject matter. In the progression from the parent populationto the child population, the DMPH generator component 106 can preserveand select the best chromosome with the highest fitness value, known asthe elite, to replace the weakest candidate in the new population ofchromosomes. For instance, the DMPH generator component 106 can applythe elite principle or rule by identifying the weakest individualchromosome in the child population of chromosomes and replacing it withthe strongest chromosome in the previous (e.g., parent) generation ofchromosomes. The DMPH generator component 106 can continue to performthis evolution process of iteratively generating a new population ofchromosomes from the previous generation of chromosomes until thefitness value exceeds a defined minimum threshold fitness value or thedefined maximum allowable number of generations has elapsed.

For instance, in relation to each generation of a new population ofchromosomes (e.g., after selecting Q/2 pairs of parents into the matingpool), the DMPH generator component 106 can increase the generationcount t. After continuing to perform the optimization process during theiteration to apply the elite principle to replace the weakest individualchromosome in the child population with the strongest chromosome of theprevious generation, as described herein, if the DMPH generatorcomponent determines the generation count t has reached the definedmaximum threshold allowable number of generations, it can determine thatthe defined maximum threshold allowable number of generations haselapsed. If the defined maximum threshold allowable number ofgenerations has elapsed or the fitness value exceeds the defined minimumthreshold fitness value, the DMPH generator component 106 candiscontinue the process, and the DMPH generator component 106 can selectthe last result as a suitable result that can be used to identify asuitable mask pattern, wherein the last result can be the optimal (e.g.,best achievable) result for the objective function O_(d), based at leastin part on the defined hologram generation criterion(s). The definedhologram generation criterion(s) can relate to or specify, for example,the defined minimum threshold fitness value and/or a maximum number ofiterations to perform, which can correspond to the defined maximumthreshold allowable number of generations.

With the hologram generated, the HGC 102 can provide (e.g., communicate)the 3-D hologram (e.g., 3-D DMPH), in real time or via recorded media(e.g., 2-D media, such as film), to the display component 104. Thedisplay component 104 can generate, reconstruct, or reproduce 3-Dholographic images (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holographic images)that can represent or recreate the original 3-D object scene, based atleast in part on the 3-D hologram, and can present (e.g., display) the3-D holographic images for viewing by one or more viewers from variousvisual perspectives. In some implementations, the HGC 102 and thedisplay component can operate in conjunction with each other tofacilitate generating, reconstructing, or reproducing the 3-Dholographic images that can represent or recreate the original 3-Dobject scene, based at least in part on the 3-D hologram, forpresentation, by the display component 104.

The display component 104 can include one or more display units (e.g.,one or more electronically accessible display units, wherein each pixelof a display unit(s) can be electronically accessible). In someimplementations, each display unit can be a low-resolution displaydevice, such as a low-resolution LCD or low-resolution SLM. For example,each display unit can have a dot-pitch that can be at least one order ofmagnitude higher than the wavelength of visible light. In otherimplementations, the display component 104 can comprise one or more ofLCoS displays, high-resolution LCDs, autostereoscopic displays (e.g.,multiple-section autostereoscopic displays (MSADs)), holographic 3-Dtelevision (TV) displays, high-resolution SLMs, or other desireddisplays suitable for displaying holographic images (e.g., 3-D Fresnelholographic images), to facilitate display (e.g., real time display) ofholographic images.

In some implementations, the display component 104 can include a displayunit that can include real binary display unit that can display eachpixel as being either transparent or opaque. In other implementations,the display component 104 can include multiple display units (e.g., apair of display units), which can be binary display units, wherein onedisplay unit can display the real part of the hologram and the otherdisplay unit can display the imaginary part of the hologram. The displaycomponent 104 can combine the pair of binary display units using opticalmeans, and each pixel can be either transparent or opaque.

In still other implementations, the display component 104 can include asingle, discrete multi-level display unit that can display each pixelrespectively having a transparency level from a set of allowabletransparency levels, with the set of allowable transparency levelscomprising respective transparency levels ranging from transparent toopaque. In other implementations, the display component 104 can comprisemultiple (e.g., a pair) of discrete, multi-level display units, whereinone display unit can display the real part of the hologram and anotherdisplay unit can display the imaginary part of the hologram, and eachpixel can have a respective transparency level from the set of allowabletransparency levels.

Additionally and/or alternatively, if desired, a hologram can beproduced onto a desired material (e.g., onto film using photographictechniques) so that there is a hard copy of the hologram that can beused to reproduce the 3-D holographic images at a desired time. In someimplementations, the HGC 102 can generate the digital hologram using asingle static media, such as a photographic film or a printout, and thedisplay component 104 can display the hologram, wherein the static mediacan display the real part of the hologram. In other implementations, theHGC 102 can generate the digital hologram using a multiple (e.g., apair) of static media (e.g., photographic film or printouts), and thedisplay component 104 can display the hologram, wherein one static mediacan display the real part of the hologram and another static media candisplay the imaginary part of the hologram.

It is to be appreciated and understood that the holographic output(e.g., 3-D hologram and/or corresponding 3-D holographic images) can becommunicated over wired or wireless communication channels to thedisplay component 110 or other display components (e.g., remote displaycomponents, such as a 3-D TV display) to facilitate generation (e.g.,reconstruction, reproduction) and display of the 3-D holographic imagesof the 3-D object scene) so that the 3-D holographic images can bepresented to desired observers.

The system 100 and/or other systems, methods, devices, processes,techniques, etc., of the disclosed subject matter can be employed in anyof a number of different applications. Such applications can include,for example, a 3-D holographic video system, desktop ornaments,attractions in theme parks, educational applications or purposes, aholographic studio, scientific research, live stage or concerts, etc.

FIG. 3 depicts a system 300 for generating and displaying holograms(e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holograms), in accordance with variousaspects and implementations of the disclosed subject matter. The system300 can include an HGC 302 that can generate digital 3-D holograms,which can be DMPHs, based at least in part on a real or synthetic (e.g.,simulated) 3-D object scene. The system 300 also can include a displaycomponent 304 can be associated with (e.g., communicatively connectedto) the HGC 302. The HGC 302 can provide the 3-D holograms (e.g., DMPHs)to the display component 304. The display component 304 can generate,reconstruct, or reproduce 3-D holographic images (e.g., full-parallax3-D Fresnel holographic images) that can represent or recreate theoriginal 3-D object scene, based at least in part on the 3-D hologram,and can present (e.g., display) the 3-D holographic images for viewingby one or more viewers from various visual perspectives. The HGC 302 caninclude a DMPH generator component 306 that can generate DMPHs for usein generating, reconstructing, or reproducing the 3-D holographicimages. The HGC 302, display component 304, and DMPH generator component306, respectively, can be the same as or similar to, or can comprise thesame or similar features as, respectively named components, as morefully disclosed herein.

The display component 304 can include one or more display units 308 thatcan be employed to facilitate presenting the 3-D holographic images. Insome implementations, the one or more display units 308 can be alow-resolution display, such as an LCD. The display component 304 alsocan include one or more high-resolution gratings 310 that can beapplied, attached, overlaid, or placed in proximity to the one of moredisplay units 308 (e.g., the display screens of the one or more displayunits 308). In some implementations, the one or more high-resolutiongratings 310 can be arranged in relation to the one or more displayunits 308 such that an illumination beam can be applied (e.g., directly)to the one or more display units 308. The dot-pitch of the one or morehigh-resolution gratings 310 can be on one scale (e.g., nano-scale),while the one or more display units 308 can be on a different scale ororder that can be significantly lower than the scale of the one or morehigh-resolution gratings 310. For example, each display unit 308 canhave a dot-pitch that can be at least one order of magnitude higher thanthe wavelength of visible light.

The display component 304 also can include a beam component 312 that cangenerate and apply an illumination beam at a desired angle to the one ormore display units 308 to facilitate producing the 3-D holographicimages. In response to the illumination beam being applied to the one ormore display units 308, with the one or more high-resolution gratings310 associated therewith, the 3-D holographic images representing theoriginal 3-D object scene can be generated as an output from the one ormore high-resolution gratings 310 and presented for viewing. Theresolution of the reconstructed 3-D holographic images can be governedor controlled by the low-resolution display unit(s) 308, while thediffraction efficiency (e.g., quality) of the reconstructed 3-Dholographic images can be governed or controlled by the high-resolutiongrating(s) 310.

FIG. 4 illustrates another system 400 for generating and displayingholograms (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holograms), in accordancewith various aspects and implementations of the disclosed subjectmatter. The system 400 can include an HGC 402 that can generate digital3-D holograms, which can be DMPHs, based at least in part on a real orsynthetic (e.g., simulated) 3-D object scene. The system 400 also caninclude a display component 404 can be associated with (e.g.,communicatively connected to) the HGC 402. The HGC 402 can provide the3-D holograms (e.g., DMPHs) to the display component 404. The displaycomponent 404 can generate, reconstruct, or reproduce 3-D holographicimages (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holographic images) that canrepresent or recreate the original 3-D object scene, based at least inpart on the 3-D hologram, and can present (e.g., display) the 3-Dholographic images for viewing by one or more viewers from variousvisual perspectives. The HGC 402 can include a DMPH generator component406 that can generate DMPHs for use in generating, reconstructing, orreproducing the 3-D holographic images. The display component 404 cancomprise one or more low-resolution display units 408 (e.g., LCDs), oneor more high-resolution gratings 410, and a beam component 412. The HGC402, display component 404, DMPH generator component 406, one or moredisplay units 408, one or more high-resolution gratings 410, and beamcomponent 412, respectively, can be the same as or similar to, or cancomprise the same or similar features as, respectively named components,as more fully disclosed herein.

The one or more high-resolution gratings 410 can be applied, attached,overlaid, or placed in proximity to the one of more display units 408(e.g., the display screens of the one or more display units 408). Insome implementations, the one or more high-resolution gratings 410 canbe arranged in relation to the one or more display units 408 such thatan illumination beam can be applied (e.g., directly) to the one or morehigh-resolution gratings 410. The dot-pitch of the one or morehigh-resolution gratings 410 can be on one scale (e.g., nano-scale),while the one or more display units 408 can be on a different scale ororder that can be significantly lower than the scale of the one or morehigh-resolution gratings 410. For example, each display unit 408 canhave a dot-pitch that can be at least one order of magnitude higher thanthe wavelength of visible light.

The beam component 412 can generate and apply an illumination beam at adesired angle to the one or more high-resolution gratings 410 tofacilitate producing the 3-D holographic images. In response to theillumination beam being applied to the one or more high-resolutiongratings 410, with the one or more display units 408 associatedtherewith, the 3-D holographic images representing the original 3-Dobject scene can be generated as an output from the one or more displayunits 408 and presented for viewing. The resolution of the reconstructed3-D holographic images can be governed or controlled by thelow-resolution display unit(s) 408, while the diffraction efficiency(e.g., quality) of the reconstructed 3-D holographic images can begoverned or controlled by the high-resolution grating(s) 410.

FIG. 5 depicts still another system 500 for generating and displayingholograms (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holograms), in accordancewith various aspects and implementations of the disclosed subjectmatter. The system 500 can include an HGC 502 that can generate digital3-D holograms, which can be DMPHs, based at least in part on a real orsynthetic (e.g., simulated) 3-D object scene. The system 500 also caninclude a display component 504 can be associated with (e.g.,communicatively connected to) the HGC 502. The HGC 502 can provide the3-D holograms (e.g., DMPHs) to the display component 504. The displaycomponent 504 can generate, reconstruct, or reproduce 3-D holographicimages (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holographic images) that canrepresent or recreate the original 3-D object scene, based at least inpart on the 3-D hologram, and can present (e.g., display) the 3-Dholographic images for viewing by one or more viewers from variousvisual perspectives. The HGC 502 can include a DMPH generator component506 that can generate DMPHs for use in generating, reconstructing, orreproducing the 3-D holographic images. The display component 504 cancomprise one or more low-resolution display units 508 (e.g., LCDs), oneor more high-resolution gratings 510, and a beam component 512. The HGC502, display component 504, DMPH generator component 506, one or moredisplay units 508, one or more high-resolution gratings 510, and beamcomponent 512, respectively, can be the same as or similar to, or cancomprise the same or similar features as, respectively named components,as more fully disclosed herein.

The one or more high-resolution gratings 510 can be applied, attached,overlaid, or placed in proximity to the one of more display units 508(e.g., the display screens of the one or more display units 508). Insome implementations, the one or more high-resolution gratings 510 canbe arranged in relation to the one or more display units 508 such thatan illumination beam can be applied (e.g., directly) to the one or morehigh-resolution gratings 410.

The beam component 512 can generate and apply an illumination beam at adesired angle to the one or more high-resolution gratings 510 tofacilitate producing the 3-D holographic images. In response to theillumination beam being applied to the one or more high-resolutiongratings 510, with the one or more display units 508 associatedtherewith, the 3-D holographic images representing the original 3-Dobject scene can be generated as an output from the one or more displayunits 508 and presented for viewing. In some implementations, the system500 can include a feedback loop, wherein the 3-D holographic images canbe fed back, and the DMPH generator component 506 can compare or combinethe fed back 3-D holographic images with the 3-D object scene tofacilitate generating 3-D holograms (e.g., DMPHs) and producing 3-Dholographic images representing the original 3-D object scene. The DMPHgenerator component 506 can identify an error, if any, in the fed-backreconstructed 3-D holographic images in relation to (e.g., as comparedto) the original 3-D object scene. The DMPH generator component 506 canmodify the mask (e.g., generate a new modified mask or adjust the mask),based at least in part on the identified error, to reduce or minimizethe error (e.g., to compensate for the identified error). The 3-Dholographic image(s), which can be fed back, can include, for example,the numerical image(s) (e.g., reconstructed image(s) computed as animage file(s)) or an optically reconstructed image(s) (e.g., areconstructed image(s) displayed by the display component). Theresolution of the reconstructed 3-D holographic images can be governedor controlled by the low-resolution display unit(s) 508, while thediffraction efficiency (e.g., quality) of the reconstructed 3-Dholographic images can be governed or controlled by the high-resolutiongrating(s) 510.

FIG. 6 illustrates a system 600 for displaying holograms (e.g.,full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holograms), in accordance with various aspectsand implementations of the disclosed subject matter. The system 600 caninclude a display component 602 that can reconstruct and display 3-Dholographic images, based at least in part on a received 3-D hologram(e.g., DMPH). The display component 602 can include a low-resolutiondisplay 604 (e.g., display unit), such as, for example, an LCD. Thedisplay component 602 also can include a high-resolution grating 606that can be applied, attached, overlaid, or placed in proximity to thedisplay 604. The display component 602 also can comprise a partitioncomponent 608 that can partition (e.g., logically partition) the singledisplay 604 into a 2-D tile structure comprising a plurality of tiles610. The HGC (e.g., 102), using the DMPH generator component (e.g.,106), can generate a hologram (e.g., based on a 3-D object scene) foreach tile, wherein each tile can correspond to a given reconstructedholographic image.

FIG. 7 depicts a system 700 for encrypting holographic data anddisplaying holograms (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holograms), inaccordance with various aspects and implementations of the disclosedsubject matter. The system 700 can include an HGC 702 that can generatedigital 3-D holograms, which can be DMPHs, based at least in part on areal or synthetic (e.g., simulated) 3-D object scene. The system 700also can include a display component 704 that can be associated with(e.g., communicatively connected to) the HGC 702. The HGC 702 canprovide the 3-D holograms (e.g., DMPHs) to the display component 704.

The display component 704 can generate, reconstruct, or reproduce 3-Dholographic images (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holographic images)that can represent or recreate the original 3-D object scene, based atleast in part on the 3-D hologram, and can present (e.g., display) the3-D holographic images for viewing by one or more viewers from variousvisual perspectives. The HGC 702 can include a DMPH generator component706 that can generate DMPHs for use in generating, reconstructing, orreproducing the 3-D holographic images. The display component 704 caninclude a low-resolution display 708 (e.g., display unit), such as, forexample, an LCD. The display component 704 also can include ahigh-resolution grating 710 that can be applied, attached, overlaid, orplaced in proximity to the display 708.

The display component 704 and/or the DMPH generator component 706 cancomprise a cryptographic component 712 that can encrypt holographic dataassociated with the hologram, in accordance with a defined cryptographicalgorithm or process, to facilitate encrypting the hologram. Theencrypting of the holographic data can obscure the correctreconstruction of the holographic image unless an encryption key isemployed to decrypt the encrypted holographic data. The displaycomponent 704 or the DMPH generator component 706 can configure thehigh-resolution grating 710 to be the encryption key, in accordance withthe defined cryptographic algorithm or process. If the display 708directly receives the illumination beam, the display 708 can output anencrypted holographic image, based at least in part on the hologram. Theencrypted holographic image can be input into the high-resolutiongrating 710, and the high-resolution grating 710, comprising theencryption key (which can correspond to the key of the encryptedholographic image), can decrypt the encrypted holographic image toproduce the correct reconstructed holographic image, which can bepresented for viewing.

Experimental results demonstrate that the disclosed subject matter, byemploying the HGC (e.g., 102) and generating DMPHs, can generateholographic images that can be superior to holographic images generatedusing the classical Fresnel diffraction equation and displayed on alow-resolution SLM. Referring briefly to FIG. 8 (along with FIG. 1),FIG. 8 illustrates a diagram of an example image 800 (e.g., targetimage). The image 800 can be an image, wherein it can be desired that areconstructed image (e.g., holographic image) ideally will correspond tothe image 800 when the reconstructed image is generated and displayed ona low-resolution SLM. The image 800 is a planar image placed at 0.4meters from the hologram.

The first example illustrates how a reconstructed image of a digitalFresnel hologram appears, if it is displayed on a low-resolution SLM. Toconduct this evaluation, a complex, continuous tone digital hologramrepresenting the planar image 800 shown in FIG. 8 is generated based onthe classical Fresnel diffraction equation, and with the optical settinglisted in Table I. The hologram is composed of a 2-D array of sampleobject points, with a sampling pitch of 5 μm.

TABLE I Optical setting of the Fresnel hologram Number of hologramsamples 256 (horizontal) × 256 (vertical) Sampling pitch  5 μmWavelength of light 650 nm Distance of image from  0.4 m hologram

Turning briefly to FIG. 9 (along with FIG. 1), FIG. 9 depicts thesimulated numerical reconstructed image 900 of a conventional hologramdisplayed on an SLM with pixel sizes of 20 μm at 0.4 meters. It can beseen that the quality of the reconstructed image 900 in FIG. 9 is verypoor as compared with the target image 800 in FIG. 8.

Referring briefly to FIG. 10 (along with FIG. 1), FIG. 10 presents anexample reconstructed image 1000 of a DMPH, in accordance with variousaspects and implementations of the disclosed subject matter. Thedisclosed subject matter (e.g., using the HGC 102) can generate a DMPHfor representing the target image 800 in FIG. 8 based on the parametersettings in Table II. The disclosed subject matter utilizes a binarygrating and a binary mask in this example generation of a DMPH anddisplay of the reconstructed image 1000 of the DMPH. It is noted thatthe pixel size of the binary mask is at 20 μm, which is 4 times largerthan that of the binary grating (e.g., k=4).

TABLE II Optical setting of the DMPH Size of the grating 256 × 256pixels Pixel size of the binary grating 5 μm square Size of the binarymask 64 × 64 pixels Pixel size of the binary mask 20 μm squareWavelength of light 650 nm Distance of image from hologram 0.4 m

The disclosed subject matter (e.g., using the HGC 102) generates a DMPHafter applying the SGA described herein with the defined maximumallowable number of generations set to 20000 generations. The disclosedsubject matter sets the population size Q to 16, the parameter p_(c) to0.85, the parameter p_(m) to 0.15, the parameter q_(c) to 0.001, and theparameter q_(m) to 0.3. These respective values are selected empiricallyto provide satisfactory performance in general.

Turning briefly to FIG. 11 (along with FIGS. 1 and 10), FIG. 11illustrates an example binary mask 1100 that is used as part of the DMPHto facilitate generating a reconstructed image (e.g., holographicimage), in accordance with aspects and implementations of the disclosedsubject matter. The disclosed subject matter (e.g., the HGC 102) is usedto generate the binary mask 1100. The binary mask 1100 corresponds tothe target image (e.g., image 800).

The disclosed subject matter (e.g., using the HGC 102) is used togenerate the reconstructed image 1000 using the binary mask 1100. Thereconstructed image 1000 of the DMPH is at a focal distance of 0.4meters from the hologram. As can be seen, the reconstructed image 1000of the DMPH is similar to the target image 800, and is superior to thereconstructed image 900 obtained with a low-resolution SLM.

FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of an example HGC 1200 that canefficiently generate a 3-D hologram(s) (e.g., 3-D Fresnel hologram(s))of a real or synthetic 3-D object scene(s) in accordance with variousaspects and implementations of the disclosed subject matter. The HGC1200 can include a communicator component 1202 that can be used tocommunicate (e.g., transmit, receive) information between the HGC 1200and other components (e.g., display component(s), scene capturedevice(s), processor component(s), user interface(s), data store(s),etc.). The information can include, for example, a real or synthetic 3-Dobject scene, holograms or holographic images, information relatingdefined hologram generation criterion(s), information relation to analgorithm(s) that can facilitate generation of holograms or holographicimages, etc.

The HGC 1200 can comprise an aggregator component 1204 that canaggregate data received (e.g., obtained) from various entities (e.g.,scene capture device(s), display component(s), processor component(s),user interface(s), data store(s), etc.). The aggregator component 1204can correlate respective items of data based at least in part on type ofdata, source of the data, time or date the data was generated orreceived, object point with which data is associated, pixel with which atransparency level is associated, visual perspective with which data isassociated, etc., to facilitate processing of the data (e.g., analyzingof the data by the analyzer component 1206).

The analyzer component 1206 can analyze data to facilitate identifyingelements (e.g., object points, features, etc.) of a 3-D object scene,identifying an objective function O_(d), determining the mask patternfor optimizing the objective function, generating a hologram (e.g.,DMPH), etc., and can generate analysis results, based at least in parton the data analysis. For example, the analyzer component 1206 cananalyze data, such as a population(s) (e.g., parent or childpopulation(s)) of chromosomes (e.g., 1-D sequence of numbers based atleast in part on a mask pattern M(x,y)), to facilitate evaluating thefitness of the respective chromosomes. The analyzer component 1206 canprovide analysis results relating to, for example, a DMPH generatorcomponent 1208 or another component (e.g., processor component 1226,data store 1228, etc.). Based at least in part on the results of thisanalysis, the HGC 1200 (e.g., using the DMPH generator component 1208)can determine or identify an optimal (e.g., best achievable inaccordance with the defined hologram generation criterion(s)) result forthe objective function O_(d).

The HGC 1200 can include the DMPH generator component 1208 that cangenerate a full-parallax digital 3-D hologram (e.g., Fresnel hologram)to facilitate generating or reconstructing full-parallax digital 3-Dholographic images (e.g., Fresnel holographic images) that can representor recreate the original real or synthetic 3-D object scene, as morefully disclosed herein. The DMPH generator component 1208 can comprise,for example, a holographic controller component 1210, a mask generatorcomponent 1212, a grating generator component 1214, a calculatorcomponent 1216, an optimizer component 1218, a converter component 1220,a cryptographic component 1222, and a CGH component 1224.

The holographic controller component 1210 can control operationsrelating to generating a 3-D hologram (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnelhologram, such as a DMPH) and/or corresponding 3-D holographic images.The holographic controller component 1210 can facilitate controllingoperations being performed by various components of the DMPH generatorcomponent 1208, controlling data flow between components of the DMPHgenerator component 1208, etc.

The mask generator component 1212 can generate a mask pattern that canbe overlaid onto or superpositioned with a grating pattern to facilitategenerating a DMPH, as more fully disclosed herein. The mask pattern canbe a 2-D array of sample object points, wherein each sample object pointcan have a respective degree of transparency ranging between 0 (e.g.,which can represent transparent) and 1 (e.g., which can representopaque). The mask pattern can be a low-resolution mask, for example.

The grating generator component 1214 can generate a grating patternG(x,y) that can be superpositioned on the mask pattern to facilitategenerating the DMPH, as more fully disclosed herein. The grating patterncan be a 2-D array of sample object points, wherein each sample objectpoint can have a respective degree of transparency ranging between 0(e.g., which can represent transparent) and 1 (e.g., which can representopaque). Each sample object point can be taken as a pixel of thegrating. The grating pattern can be a high-resolution grating, forexample.

The calculator component 1216 can perform calculations on data (e.g.,data with respective values), in accordance with various equations(e.g., mathematical expressions), to facilitate generating a hologram.The calculator component 1216 can facilitate calculating, for example,an objective function O_(d) associated with a hologram, a fitnessmeasurement associated with a chromosome relating to a hologram, etc.

The optimizer component 1218 can perform an optimization process tofacilitate determining a mask pattern M(x,y) that has the value of theobjective function O_(d) minimized or at least substantially minimized,in accordance with the defined hologram generation criterion(s). Theoptimizer component 1218 can perform the optimization processoptimization using, for example, an SGA, a PSO, or a DE. In someimplementations, the optimizer component 1218 can generate populations(e.g., parent or child populations) of chromosomes associated with ahologram, evaluate the fitness of chromosomes, perform operations (e.g.,genetic operations), such as crossover operations or mutationoperations, on data (e.g., chromosomes), identifying the weakestindividual chromosome in a child population and replacing it with astrongest chromosome from a previous population generation, etc., tofacilitate determining the mask pattern M(x,y) that has the value of theobjective function O_(d) minimized or at least substantially minimized

The converter component 1220 can convert data from one format, unit,data type, etc., to a different format, unit, data type, etc. In someimplementations, the converter component 1220 can convert a mask patternM(x,y) into a 1-D sequence of numbers by chaining consecutive rows ofpixel values, wherein each value can correspond to the level oftransparency of the pixel. When the HGC 1200 employs an SGA, thesequence of numbers resulting from the conversion can be referred to asa chromosome.

The cryptographic component 1222 can utilize a desired cryptographicalgorithm to encrypt data. In some implementations, the cryptographiccomponent 1222 can encrypt holographic data associated with a hologram(e.g., DMPH), based at least in part on an encryption key, to generateencrypted holographic data, in accordance with the desired cryptographicalgorithm. The DMPH generator component 1208 can use the gratinggenerator component 1214 to generate the high-resolution grating patternto be or include the encryption key that can be used to facilitatedecrypting the encrypted holographic data by the display component tofacilitate presenting the reconstructed holographic images in a formthat corresponds to the original 3-D object scene.

In some embodiments, the CGH component 1224 can be used to generate asynthesized 3-D object scene. The synthesized 3-D object scene can be,for example, a model of a 3-D object scene that does not actually existin the real world. The CGH component 1224 also can generate a hologramfile that can be used by the HGC 1200 to generate a hologram from thesynthesized 3-D object scene.

The HGC 1200 also can comprise a processor component 1226 that canoperate in conjunction with the other components (e.g., communicatorcomponent 1202, aggregator component 1204, analyzer component 1206, DMPHgenerator component 1208, etc.) to facilitate performing the variousfunctions of the HGC 1200. The processor component 1226 can employ oneor more processors (e.g., central processing units (CPUs), graphicsprocessing unit (GPUs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), etc.),microprocessors, or controllers that can process data, such asinformation (e.g., visual information) relating to a 3-D object scene,holographic data, data relating to parameters associated with the HGC1200 and associated components, etc., to facilitate generating holograms(e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holograms, such as DMPHs) andcorresponding holographic images representative of a 3-D object scene;and can control data flow between the HGC 1200 and other componentsassociated with the HGC 1200.

In yet another aspect, the HGC 1200 can contain a data store 1228 thatcan store data structures (e.g., user data, metadata); code structure(s)(e.g., modules, objects, classes, procedures), commands, orinstructions; information relating to object points; informationrelating to (e.g., representative of) a 3-D object scene; informationrelating to mask patterns or grating patterns; holographic data;parameter data; algorithms (e.g., hologram-generation algorithm, SGA,PSO algorithm, DE algorithm, cryptographic algorithm, etc.); hologramgeneration criterion(s); and so on. In an aspect, the processorcomponent 1226 can be functionally coupled (e.g., through a memory bus)to the data store 1228 in order to store and retrieve informationdesired to operate and/or confer functionality, at least in part, to thecommunicator component 1202, aggregator component 1204, analyzercomponent 1206, DMPH generator component 1208, etc., and/orsubstantially any other operational aspects of the HGC 1200. It is to beappreciated and understood that the various components of the HGC 1200can communicate information between each other and/or between othercomponents associated with the HGC 1200 as desired to carry outoperations of the HGC 1200. It is to be further appreciated andunderstood that respective components (e.g., communicator component1202, aggregator component 1204, analyzer component 1206, DMPH generatorcomponent 1208, etc.) of the HGC 1200 each can be a stand-alone unit,can be included within the HGC 1200 (as depicted), can be incorporatedwithin another component of the HGC 1200 (e.g., DMPH generator component1208) or component separate from the HGC 1200, and/or virtually anysuitable combination thereof, as desired.

It is to be appreciated and understood that, in accordance with variousother aspects and embodiments, the HGC 1200 or components associatedtherewith can include or be associated with other components (not shownfor reasons of brevity), such as, for example, a modeler component(e.g., to facilitate generating model data that can be used to generateor display a hologram), adapter components (e.g., to facilitate adaptingor modifying holographic images or data to facilitate desirablygenerating or displaying the hologram), a reference beam component(e.g., to apply a reference beam to a 3-D object scene and/or a 3-Dhologram), a render component (e.g., to render or convert data, such asmodel data or diffraction pattern data, associated with the 3-D objectscene into corresponding holographic data, which can be used to generatea hologram that is a reproduction of the 3-D object scene), a reflectorcomponent(s) (e.g., to reflect holographic images to facilitate displayof the hologram), and/or display partitions (e.g., to partition adisplay into a desired number of partitions in order to show differentviews of the hologram), etc., that can be employed to facilitategenerating a hologram and/or generating or displaying correspondingholographic images representing a 3-D object scene.

FIG. 13 depicts a block diagram of an example display component 1300that can efficiently display a 3-D hologram(s) (e.g., 3-D Fresnelhologram(s)) of a real or synthetic 3-D object scene(s) in accordancewith various aspects and implementations of the disclosed subjectmatter. The display component 1300 can include a communicator component1302 that can be used to communicate (e.g., transmit, receive)information between the display component 1300 and other components(e.g., HGC(s), processor component(s), user interface(s), data store(s),etc.). The information can include, for example, holograms orholographic images, information relating defined hologram generationcriterion(s), information relation to an algorithm(s) that canfacilitate displaying of holograms or holographic images, etc.

The display component 1300 can comprise an aggregator component 1304that can aggregate data received (e.g., obtained) from various entities(e.g., HGC(s), processor component(s), user interface(s), data store(s),etc.). The aggregator component 1304 can correlate respective items ofdata based at least in part on type of data, source of the data, time ordate the data was generated or received, object point with which data isassociated, pixel with which a transparency level is associated, visualperspective with which data is associated, etc., to facilitateprocessing of the data (e.g., analyzing of the data by the analyzercomponent 1306).

The analyzer component 1306 can analyze data to facilitate generating amask image, generating a grating image, superposing or overlaying thegrating image with or on the mask image to generate a DMPH, generatingthe hologram (e.g., DMPH), etc., and can generate analysis results,based at least in part on the data analysis. For example, the analyzercomponent 1306 can analyze data relating to a mask image or a gratingimage for a hologram to facilitate generating holographic images thatcan correspond to the hologram. The analyzer component 1306 can provideanalysis results relating to, for example, a display controllercomponent 1308 or another component (e.g., processor component 1322,data store 1324, etc.). Based at least in part on the results of thisanalysis, the display component 1300 (e.g., using the display controllercomponent 1308) can generate, reconstruct, or reproduce 3-D holographicimages, based at least in part on the 3-D hologram, and can present(e.g., display) the 3-D holographic images for viewing.

The display controller component 1308 can control operations relating togenerating reconstructing, or reproducing 3-D holographic images basedat least in part on a 3-D hologram (e.g., DMPH), and displaying of the3-D holographic images. The display controller component 1308 caninclude a presentation component 1310, mask component 1312, gratingcomponent 1314, beam component 1316, partition component 1318, andcryptographic component 1320.

The presentation component 1310 can include one or more display unitsthat can be used to present (e.g., display) holographic images. In someimplementations, the one or more display units can be low-resolutiondisplay units, such as, for example, low-resolution LCDs or LCoSdisplays. A display unit can be partitioned (e.g., logically) into atile structure (e.g., by the partition component 1318) to facilitate thedisplay of multiple holographic images on a single display unit. Inaccordance with various implementations, a display unit can be a binarydisplay unit or a multi-level display unit, as more fully disclosedherein.

The mask component 1312 can be employed to generate a mask pattern orimage to facilitate generating a DMPH associated with a 3-D objectscene. The mask image can be a 2-D array of sample object points,wherein each sample object point can have a respective degree oftransparency ranging between 0 (e.g., which can represent transparent)and 1 (e.g., which can represent opaque). The mask image can be alow-resolution mask, for example.

The grating component 1314 can generate a grating pattern or image tofacilitate generating a DMPH associated with a 3-D object scene. Thegrating image can be a 2-D array of sample object points, wherein eachsample object point can have a respective degree of transparency rangingbetween 0 (e.g., which can represent transparent) and 1 (e.g., which canrepresent opaque). Each sample object point can be taken as a pixel ofthe grating. The grating image can be a high-resolution grating, forexample. The DMPH can be generated in part by overlaying the mask imageonto, or superposing (or superpositioning) the mask image with, thegrating image, as more fully disclosed herein.

The beam component 1316 can generate an illumination beam that can beapplied to the one or more display units (e.g., low-resolution LCD)and/or grating (e.g., high-resolution grating) to facilitate generating,reconstructing, or reproducing 3-D holographic images based at least inpart on the 3-D hologram (e.g., DMPH). The beam component 1316 can applyan illumination beam to each display unit at a desired angle (e.g.,incident angle).

The partition component 1318 can be employed to partition (e.g.,logically) a display screen of a display unit into a tile structure tofacilitate the display of multiple holographic images on a singledisplay unit. The partition component 1318 can partition a displayscreen of a display unit into a tile structure when a single displayunit is being used to present holographic images.

The cryptographic component 1320 can use the encryption key contained orintegrated in a grating to facilitate decrypting encrypted holographicdata associated with an encrypted holographic image associated with ahologram, in accordance with a desired cryptographic algorithm. Forinstance, the encrypted holographic image can be presented by thedisplay unit. The high-resolution grating, which can be associated with(e.g., attached to or superpositioned with) the display unit, can bestructured to include the encryption key. The cryptographic component1320 can use the encryption key of the high-resolution grating todecrypt the encrypted holographic image to generate the holographicimage in a form that can correspond to the original 3-D object scene tofacilitate presenting the holographic image to a viewer.

The display component 1300 also can comprise a processor component 1322that can operate in conjunction with the other components (e.g.,communicator component 1302, aggregator component 1304, analyzercomponent 1306, display controller component 1308, etc.) to facilitateperforming the various functions of the display component 1300. Theprocessor component 1322 can employ one or more processors (e.g., CPUs,GPUs, FPGAs, etc.), microprocessors, or controllers that can processdata, such as information (e.g., visual information) relating to ahologram representative of a 3-D object scene, holographic data, datarelating to parameters associated with the display component 1300 andassociated components, etc., to facilitate generating holographic images(e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnel holographic images that can correspondto holograms, such as, for example, DMPHs) representative of a 3-Dobject scene; and can control data flow between the display component1300 and other components associated with the display component 1300.

In yet another aspect, the display component 1300 can contain a datastore 1324 that can store data structures (e.g., user data, metadata);code structure(s) (e.g., modules, objects, classes, procedures),commands, or instructions; information relating to object points;information relating to a hologram associated with (e.g., representativeof) a 3-D object scene; information relating to mask images or gratingimages; holographic data; parameter data; algorithms (e.g.,hologram-generation algorithm, cryptographic algorithm, etc.); hologramgeneration criterion(s); one or more look-up tables; and so on. In anaspect, the processor component 1322 can be functionally coupled (e.g.,through a memory bus) to the data store 1324 in order to store andretrieve information desired to operate and/or confer functionality, atleast in part, to the communicator component 1302, aggregator component1304, analyzer component 1306, display controller component 1308, etc.,and/or substantially any other operational aspects of the displaycomponent 1300. It is to be appreciated and understood that the variouscomponents of the display component 1300 can communicate informationbetween each other and/or between other components associated with thedisplay component 1300 as desired to carry out operations of the displaycomponent 1300. It is to be further appreciated and understood thatrespective components (e.g., communicator component 1302, aggregatorcomponent 1304, analyzer component 1306, display controller component1308, etc.) of the display component 1300 each can be a stand-aloneunit, can be included within the display component 1300 (as depicted),can be incorporated within another component of the display component1300 (e.g., display controller component 1308) or component separatefrom the display component 1300, and/or virtually any suitablecombination thereof, as desired.

Referring to FIG. 14, depicted is a block diagram of a system 1400 thatcan employ intelligence to facilitate generation of a 3-D hologram(e.g., a full-parallax 3-D Fresnel hologram) of a real or synthetic 3-Dobject scene in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed subjectmatter. The system 1400 can include an HGC 1402 that can desirablygenerate a hologram (e.g., sequence of 3-D holographic images) that canrepresent a 3-D object scene (e.g., real or computer-synthesized 3-Dobject scene from multiple different viewing perspectives of a 3-Dobject scene that can correspond to multiple different viewingperspectives of the 3-D object scene, as more fully disclosed herein. Itis to be appreciated that the HGC 1402 can be the same or similar asrespective components (e.g., respectively named components), and/or cancontain the same or similar functionality as respective components, asmore fully described herein. The HGC 1402 can include a DMPH generatorcomponent (not shown in FIG. 14; e.g., as depicted in, or describedherein in relation to, FIGS. 1 and 13) that can generate a full-parallaxdigital 3-D hologram (e.g., Fresnel hologram) to facilitate generatingor reconstructing full-parallax digital 3-D holographic images (e.g.,3-D Fresnel holographic images) that can represent or recreate theoriginal real or synthetic 3-D object scene, as more fully disclosedherein.

The system 1400 can further include a processor component 1404 that canbe associated with (e.g., communicatively connected to) the HGC 1402and/or other components (e.g., components of system 1400) via a bus. Inaccordance with an embodiment of the disclosed subject matter, theprocessor component 1404 can be an applications processor(s) that canmanage communications and run applications. For example, the processorcomponent 1404 can be a processor that can be utilized by a computer,mobile computing device, personal data assistant (PDA), or otherelectronic computing device. The processor component 1404 can generatecommands in order to facilitate generating holograms and/or displayingof holographic image of a 3-D object scene from multiple differentviewing perspectives corresponding to the multiple different viewingperspectives of the 3-D object scene obtained or created by the HGC1402, modifying parameters associated with the HGC 1402, etc.

The system 1400 also can include an intelligent component 1406 that canbe associated with (e.g., communicatively connected to) the HGC 1402,the processor component 1404, and/or other components associated withsystem 1400 to facilitate analyzing data, such as current and/orhistorical information, and, based at least in part on such information,can make an inference(s) and/or a determination(s) regarding, forexample, generation of a 3-D hologram and/or 3-D holographic image basedat least in part on a 3-D object scene, setting of parameters associatedwith the HGC 1402 and associated components, etc.

For example, based in part on current and/or historical evidence, theintelligent component 1406 can infer a superposing of a mask pattern inrelation to a grating pattern, a mask pattern for optimizing theobjective function O_(d), a fitness measurement for a chromosome,respective parameter values of one or more parameters to be used withregard to operations by the HGC 1402, etc.

In an aspect, the intelligent component 1406 can communicate informationrelated to the inferences and/or determinations to the HGC 1402. Basedat least in part on the inference(s) or determination(s) with respect tosuch data by the intelligent component 1406, the HGC 902 can take (e.g.,automatically or dynamically take) one or more actions to facilitategenerating a 3-D hologram and/or a 3-D holographic image of a 3-D objectscene from multiple different viewing perspectives corresponding to themultiple different viewing perspectives of a 3-D object scene obtainedor generated by the HGC 1402, etc.

It is to be understood that the intelligent component 1406 can providefor reasoning about or infer states of the system, environment, and/oruser from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data.Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, orcan generate a probability distribution over states, for example. Theinference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probabilitydistribution over states of interest based on a consideration of dataand events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed forcomposing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Suchinference results in the construction of new events or actions from aset of observed events and/or stored event data (e.g., historical data),whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity,and whether the events and data come from one or several event and datasources. Various classification (explicitly and/or implicitly trained)schemes and/or systems (e.g., support vector machines, neural networks,expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic, data fusionengines . . . ) can be employed in connection with performing automaticand/or inferred action in connection with the disclosed subject matter.

A classifier is a function that maps an input attribute vector, x=(x1,x2, x3, x4, xn), to a confidence that the input belongs to a class, thatis, f(x)=confidence(class). Such classification can employ aprobabilistic and/or statistical-based analysis (e.g., factoring intothe analysis utilities and costs) to prognose or infer an action that auser desires to be automatically performed. A support vector machine(SVM) is an example of a classifier that can be employed. The SVMoperates by finding a hypersurface in the space of possible inputs,which hypersurface attempts to split the triggering criteria from thenon-triggering events. Intuitively, this makes the classificationcorrect for testing data that is near, but not identical to trainingdata. Other directed and undirected model classification approachesinclude, e.g., naïve Bayes, Bayesian networks, decision trees, neuralnetworks, fuzzy logic models, and probabilistic classification modelsproviding different patterns of independence can be employed.Classification as used herein also is inclusive of statisticalregression that is utilized to develop models of priority.

System 1400 also can include a presentation component 1408, which can beconnected with the processor component 1404. The presentation component1408 can provide various types of user interfaces to facilitateinteraction between a user and any component coupled to the processorcomponent 1404. As depicted, the presentation component 1408 is aseparate entity that can be utilized with the processor component 1404and associated components. However, it is to be appreciated that thepresentation component 1408 and/or similar view components can beincorporated into the processor component 1404 and/or a stand-aloneunit. The presentation component 1408 can provide one or more graphicaluser interfaces (GUIs) (e.g., touchscreen GUI), command line interfaces,and the like. For example, a GUI can be rendered that provides a userwith a region or means to load, import, read, etc., data, and caninclude a region to present the results of such. These regions cancomprise known text and/or graphic regions comprising dialogue boxes,static controls, drop-down-menus, list boxes, pop-up menus, as editcontrols, combo boxes, radio buttons, check boxes, push buttons, andgraphic boxes. In addition, utilities to facilitate the presentationsuch as vertical and/or horizontal scroll bars for navigation andtoolbar buttons to determine whether a region will be viewable can beemployed. For example, the user can interact with one or more of thecomponents coupled to and/or incorporated into the processor component1404.

The user can also interact with the regions to select and provideinformation via various devices such as a mouse, a roller ball, akeypad, a keyboard, a touchscreen, a pen and/or voice activation, forexample. Typically, a mechanism such as a push button or the enter keyon the keyboard can be employed subsequent entering the information inorder to initiate the search. However, it is to be appreciated that theclaimed subject matter is not so limited. For example, merelyhighlighting a check box can initiate information conveyance. In anotherexample, a command line interface can be employed. For example, thecommand line interface can prompt (e.g., via a text message on a displayand an audio tone) the user for information via providing a textmessage. The user can than provide suitable information, such asalpha-numeric input corresponding to an option provided in the interfaceprompt or an answer to a question posed in the prompt. It is to beappreciated that the command line interface can be employed inconnection with a GUI and/or API. In addition, the command lineinterface can be employed in connection with hardware (e.g., videocards) and/or displays (e.g., black and white, and EGA) with limitedgraphic support, and/or low bandwidth communication channels.

In accordance with one embodiment of the disclosed subject matter, theHGC 1402 and/or other components, can be situated or implemented on asingle integrated-circuit chip. In accordance with another embodiment,the HGC 1402, and/or other components, can be implemented on anapplication-specific integrated-circuit (ASIC) chip. In yet anotherembodiment, the HGC 1402 and/or other components, can be situated orimplemented on multiple dies or chips.

The aforementioned systems and/or devices have been described withrespect to interaction between several components. It should beappreciated that such systems and components can include thosecomponents or sub-components specified therein, some of the specifiedcomponents or sub-components, and/or additional components.Sub-components could also be implemented as components communicativelycoupled to other components rather than included within parentcomponents. Further yet, one or more components and/or sub-componentsmay be combined into a single component providing aggregatefunctionality. The components may also interact with one or more othercomponents not specifically described herein for the sake of brevity,but known by those of skill in the art.

FIGS. 15-18 illustrate methods and/or flow diagrams in accordance withthe disclosed subject matter. For simplicity of explanation, the methodsare depicted and described as a series of acts. It is to be understoodand appreciated that the subject disclosure is not limited by the actsillustrated and/or by the order of acts, for example acts can occur invarious orders and/or concurrently, and with other acts not presentedand described herein. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts may berequired to implement the methods in accordance with the disclosedsubject matter. In addition, those skilled in the art will understandand appreciate that the methods could alternatively be represented as aseries of interrelated states via a state diagram or events.Additionally, it should be further appreciated that the methodsdisclosed hereinafter and throughout this specification are capable ofbeing stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting andtransferring such methods to computers. The term article of manufacture,as used herein, is intended to encompass a computer program accessiblefrom any computer-readable device, carrier, or media.

Referring to FIG. 15, illustrated is a flow diagram of an example method1500 for generating a 3-D hologram(s) (e.g., full-parallax 3-D Fresnelhologram(s)) of a real or synthetic 3-D object scene(s) in accordancewith various embodiments and aspects of the disclosed subject matter. At1502, a high-resolution grating can be generated to facilitategenerating a hologram (e.g., DMPH) that can represent a 3-D objectscene. An HGC and/or a display component can generate thehigh-resolution grating (e.g., grating pattern or image) that can becomposed of a 2-D array of sample object points. The HGC or displaycomponent can assign a level of transparency ranging from totallytransparent (e.g., represented by a 0) to totally opaque (e.g.,represented by a 1) to each sample object point of the grating, whereineach sample object point can be taken as a pixel of the grating.

At 1504, a low-resolution mask can be generated, based at least in partthe 3-D object scene, to facilitate generating the hologram (e.g.,DMPH). The HGC and/or display component can generate the low-resolutionmask (e.g., mask pattern or image) that can be composed of a 2-D arrayof sample object points. The HGC or display component can assign a levelof transparency ranging from totally transparent (e.g., represented by a0) to totally opaque (e.g., represented by a 1) to each sample objectpoint of the mask. The size of the mask, and the separation betweensample object points (e.g., sampling pitch), respectively, can beidentical or at least substantially identical to that of the grating.

The HGC or display component can generate the mask M(x, y) (e.g., maskimage or pattern) to have it partitioned (e.g., evenly partitioned) intonon-overlapping square blocks each with a desired size, such as, forexample, k×k pixels, wherein k is an integer that can be larger thanunity. For example, within each square block, the HGC or displaycomponent can set all of the pixels to an identical transparency between0 and 1, wherein each square block can be taken as a pixel of the mask.As such, the resolution of the mask can be (1/k)th of that of gratingimage G(x, y) along the horizontal and the vertical directions. That is,the pixel size of the mask can be k times larger than that of thegrating along the horizontal and the vertical directions.

At 1506, the mask can be overlaid onto the grating to generate thehologram (e.g., the DMPH). The HGC or display component can overlay themask onto the grating (e.g., can superposition the mask and the grating)to generate the hologram. A low-resolution display, such as an LCD, canbe used to display the hologram. An illumination beam can be applied tothe hologram to facilitate generating 3-D holographic images on thelow-resolution display for presentation to a viewer.

Turning to FIG. 16, depicted is a flow diagram of another example method1600 for efficiently generating a 3-D hologram(s) (e.g., full-parallax3-D Fresnel hologram(s)) of a real or synthetic 3-D object scene(s) inaccordance with various embodiments and aspects of the disclosed subjectmatter. At 1602, a real or synthesized 3-D object scene can be obtained.The HGC can receive a real or synthesized 3-D object scene, or cangenerate a synthesized 3-D object scene. At 1604, a high-resolutiongrating can be generated (e.g., by the HGC) to facilitate generating ahologram (e.g., DMPH) that can represent the 3-D object scene.

At 1606, a desired (e.g., optimal or best achievable) low-resolutionmask associated with the hologram can be determined based at least inpart on an objective function, in accordance with the defined hologramgeneration criterion(s). The HGC can determine or identify a maskassociated with the hologram based at least in part on the objectivefunction. The HGC can perform an iterative optimization process todetermine or identify a mask that can minimize or at least substantiallyminimize a value of the objective function O_(d), in accordance with thedefined hologram generation criterion(s), as more fully disclosedherein. The HGC can generate mask results that can identify the desiredlow-resolution mask to be used to facilitate desirably reconstructingthe target image (e.g., a planar target image that can be located adefined distance from the hologram). At 1608, the low-resolution maskcan be generated (e.g., by the HGC), based at least in part the 3-Dobject scene and the mask results relating to optimization (e.g.,minimization) of the objective function, to facilitate generating thehologram (e.g., DMPH).

At 1610, the mask can be overlaid onto the grating (e.g., by the HGC) togenerate the hologram (e.g., the DMPH). The HGC can overlay the maskonto the grating (e.g., can superposition the mask and the grating) togenerate the hologram.

At 1612, an illumination beam can be applied to the grating and/or maskto facilitate generating holographic images (e.g., full-parallax 3-DFresnel holographic images), based at least in part on the hologram,wherein the holographic images can correspond to the 3-D object scene.The display component can generate an illumination beam and can applythe illumination beam, at a desired angle (e.g., incident angle), to thegrating and/or mask. In some implementations, the grating and mask canbe arranged in relation to each other to have the grating positionedbetween the mask and the illumination beam. In other implementations,the grating and mask can be arranged in relation to each other to havethe mask positioned between the grating and the illumination beam.

At 1614, the holographic images can be presented. The display componentcan present the holographic images, for example, for viewing by one ormore viewers. The holographic images can reproduce the original 3-Dobject scene from multiple viewing perspectives with full parallax.

FIG. 17 presents a flow diagram of an example method 1700 fordetermining a mask to facilitate generating a 3-D hologram(s) (e.g.,full-parallax 3-D Fresnel hologram(s)) of a real or synthetic 3-D objectscene(s) in accordance with various embodiments and aspects of thedisclosed subject matter. The method 1700 can employ an optimizationprocess that can determine or identify a mask that can minimize or atleast substantially minimize a value of an objective function O_(d), inaccordance with the defined hologram generation criterion(s). Theobjective function is defined to determine the RMSE between thereconstructed image and a planar target image that can be located at aspecified distance from the hologram. The method 1700 can use any of anumber of desired optimization algorithms or processes to facilitatedetermining the mask. For example, the method 1700 can employ an SGA, aPSO process or algorithm, or a DE process or algorithm. For reasons ofbrevity and clarity, the method 1700 is primarily described herein inrelation to determining the mask using the SGA.

At 1702, a mask can be converted into a 1-D sequence of numbers that canbe identified as a chromosome. The HGC (e.g., using the DMPH generatorcomponent) can convert the mask M(x, y) (e.g., mask image or pattern)into a 1-D sequence of numbers by chaining consecutive rows of pixelvalues, wherein each pixel value can correspond to the transparency ofthe pixel. In the context of SGA, the sequence can be referred as achromosome and its structure can be depicted, for example, as:

-   -   M(0,0) M(0,k) M(0,2k)−M(0,Y/k−1) M(k,Y/k−1)−M(X/k−1,Y/k−1)

The chromosome can be interpreted as a 1-D array of data of lengthN=XY/k², and with the nth data (0≦n<XY/k²) that can be equal toM(floor(nk/Y),mod(nk,Y)), wherein floor(a) can be the largest integerthat is not greater than a, and mod(a,b) can be the remainder of a/b.

At 1704, a fitness measurement can be evaluated for the chromosome. TheDMPH generator component can evaluate the fitness measurement for thechromosome. The DMPH generator component can determine (e.g., calculate)the fitness measurement as a function of the objective function O_(d),as more fully disclosed herein.

At 1706, a generation count t can be set to an initial value (e.g., 0).The DMPH generator component can set the generation count t to thedefined initial value. At 1708, an initial population comprising Qchromosomes can be generated. The DMPH generator can generate an initialpopulation comprising Q chromosomes, wherein Q can be a desired integernumber.

At 1710, each data in a chromosome can be assigned (e.g., randomlyassigned) a value between 1 and 0. The DMPH generator component canrandomly assign each data in a chromosome a value between 1 and 0,inclusive, with uniform or at least substantially uniform probability.

At 1712, the fitness of all or at least a portion of the chromosomes inthe population of chromosomes can be evaluated. The DMPH generatorcomponent can evaluate the fitness of all or at least a portion of thechromosomes in the population of chromosomes, for example, in accordancewith a mathematical expression (e.g., Equation 4), in accordance withthe disclosed subject matter.

At 1714, Q/2 pairs of parent chromosomes can be selected to be includedin a mating pool with probabilities that can be proportional to theirfitness. The DMPH generator component can select Q/2 pairs of parentchromosomes into a mating pool with probabilities that can beproportional to their fitness. At 1716, the generation count t can beadjusted to a next defined generation count value. The DMPH generatorcomponent can adjust the generation count t to a next defined generationcount value. For example, the DMPH generator component can increase thegeneration count t by 1.

At 1718, a new (e.g., next or child) generation of population ofchromosomes can be generated. The DMPH generator component can generateor establish the new generation of population (also referred to as thechild population) of chromosomes (e.g., Q chromosomes) by applyingeither one of the genetic operations, which can be the crossoveroperation or the mutation operation with respective probabilities p_(c)and p_(m), to each pair of parent chromosomes, respectively. For thecrossover operation, the DMPH generator component can exchange or mixeach corresponding pair of data in the parent strings according tocertain defined rules. For example, one of the defined rules can be tohave the DMPH generator component swap the pair of data with aprobability q_(c). Regarding mutation, the DMPH generator component canselect (e.g., randomly select) the data in the parent chromosomes with aprobability q_(m), and the DMPH generator component can change the valueof each of the selected data to a random value.

At 1720, the fitness of all or at least a portion of the chromosomes inthe new (e.g., child) population of chromosomes can be evaluated. TheDMPH generator component can evaluate the fitness of all or at least aportion of the respective chromosomes of all in the new population ofchromosomes, for example, in accordance with a mathematical expression(e.g., Equation 4), in accordance with the disclosed subject matter.

At 1722, the best chromosome with the highest fitness value of theprevious (e.g., parent) generation can be selected to replace theweakest candidate in the new (e.g., child) population of chromosomes. Inthe progression from the parent population to the child population, theDMPH generator component can preserve and select the best chromosome(e.g., the elite) with the highest fitness value of the previous (e.g.,parent) generation to replace the weakest candidate in the new (e.g.,child) population of chromosomes. For instance, the DMPH generatorcomponent can apply the elite principle or rule by identifying theweakest individual chromosome in the child population of chromosomes andreplacing it with the strongest chromosome in the previous (e.g.,parent) generation of chromosomes.

At 1724, a determination can be made regarding whether the fitness valueassociated with the current population of chromosomes exceeds a definedminimum threshold fitness value. The DMPH generator component cancompare the fitness value associated with the current population ofchromosomes (e.g., as modified at act 1722, for example, in accordancewith the elite principle) exceeds a defined minimum threshold fitnessvalue. If the fitness value associated with the current population ofchromosomes exceeds the defined minimum threshold fitness value, at1726, the mask associated with (e.g., corresponding to) the currentpopulation of chromosomes can be determined or identified. In responseto determining that the fitness value associated with the currentpopulation of chromosomes exceeds the defined minimum threshold fitnessvalue, the DMPH generator component can determine that the currentpopulation of chromosomes can correspond to a mask that can be used aspart of the hologram (e.g., DMPH) to suitably approximate a target image(e.g., a planar target image that can be located a defined distance fromthe hologram).

If, at 1724, it is determined that the fitness value associated with thecurrent population of chromosomes does not exceeds the defined minimumthreshold fitness value, at 1728, a determination can be made regardingwhether a defined threshold maximum allowable number of generations haselapsed based at least in part on the generation count t. In response todetermining that the fitness value associated with the currentpopulation of chromosomes does not exceed the defined minimum thresholdfitness value, the DMPH generator component can whether the definedthreshold maximum allowable number of generations has elapsed based atleast in part on the generation count t. The DMPH generator componentcan compare the current generation count to the defined thresholdmaximum allowable number of generations to facilitate determiningwhether the defined threshold maximum allowable number of generationshas elapsed.

If it is determined that the generation count t is less than the definedthreshold maximum allowable number of generations, the method 1700 canreturn to reference numeral 1714, wherein Q/2 pairs of parentchromosomes (wherein the current population of chromosomes can now bethe parent chromosomes) can be selected to be included in a mating poolwith probabilities that can be proportional to their fitness, and themethod 1700 can continue to proceed from that point. In response todetermining that the defined threshold maximum allowable number ofgenerations has not elapsed, the DMPH generator component can continueto execute the method of 1700 by returning to the aspect associated withreference numeral 1714, wherein the DMPH generator component can selectQ/2 pairs of parent chromosomes (e.g., the current population ofchromosomes, which can now be the parent chromosomes) to be included ina mating pool with probabilities that can be proportional to theirfitness. The method 1700 can continue from that point.

Referring again to reference numeral 1728, if, at 1728, it is determinedthat the generation count t is equal to the defined threshold maximumallowable number of generations, it can be determined that the definedthreshold maximum allowable number of generations has elapsed, and themethod 1700 can return to reference numeral 1726, wherein the maskassociated with the current population of chromosomes can be determinedor identified. At this point, in accordance with the defined hologramgeneration criterion(s) (e.g., placing a limit on the number ofgenerations to be evaluated), with the maximum threshold being elapsed,the DMPH generator component can determine that the current populationof chromosomes can correspond to a mask that can be used as part of thehologram (e.g., DMPH) to suitably (e.g., acceptably) approximate thetarget image (e.g., a planar target image, as disclosed herein). At thispoint, the method 1700 can end.

FIG. 18 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method 1800 forencrypting holographic data and generating a 3-D hologram(s) (e.g.,full-parallax 3-D Fresnel hologram(s)) of a real or synthetic 3-D objectscene(s) in accordance with various embodiments and aspects of thedisclosed subject matter. At 1802, a high-resolution grating can begenerated, based at least in part on a cryptographic algorithm, whereinthe high-resolution grating can be used as an encryption key tofacilitate decrypting an encrypted hologram (e.g., DMPH). The HGC (e.g.,using the DMPH generator component) can generate the high-resolutiongrating based at least in part the cryptographic algorithm.

At 1804, the hologram can be encrypted based at least in part on theencryption key, in accordance with the cryptographic algorithm. The HGCcan generate the hologram, which can include a low-resolution maskpattern and the high-resolution grating pattern, and can encrypt thelow-resolution mask pattern or image using the encryption key (e.g., anencryption key that can correspond to the encryption key associated withthe grating).

At 1806, the low-resolution mask pattern or image can be presented. Adisplay component can receive the hologram and can reproduce and presentthe low-resolution mask pattern or image (e.g., the encrypted maskpattern or image) to facilitate display of holographic images associatedwith the hologram.

At 1808, the low-resolution mask pattern or image can be decrypted usingthe high-resolution grating. The mask can be overlaid on the grating.The display component can apply an illumination beam to the hologram,comprising the mask and grating, to facilitate displaying theholographic image. The high-resolution grating, as the encryption key(e.g., encryption/decryption key), can decrypt the encryptedlow-resolution mask image to facilitate generating the holographicimage, which can correspond to the original 3-D object scene when themask is decrypted. The display component can display the holographicimage for viewing.

In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the disclosedsubject matter, FIGS. 19 and 20 as well as the following discussion areintended to provide a brief, general description of a suitableenvironment in which the various aspects of the disclosed subject mattermay be implemented. While the subject matter has been described above inthe general context of computer-executable instructions of a computerprogram that runs on a computer and/or computers, those skilled in theart will recognize that the subject disclosure also may be implementedin combination with other program modules. Generally, program modulesinclude routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. thatperform particular tasks and/or implement particular abstract datatypes. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that themethods may be practiced with other computer system configurations,including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems,mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., personal digital assistant(PDA), phone, watch), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer orindustrial electronics, and the like. The illustrated aspects may alsobe practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. However, some, if not all aspects of the subjectdisclosure can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributedcomputing environment, program modules may be located in both local andremote memory storage devices.

With reference to FIG. 19, a suitable environment 1900 for implementingvarious aspects of the claimed subject matter includes a computer 1912.The computer 1912 includes a processing unit 1914, a system memory 1916,and a system bus 1918. It is to be appreciated that the computer 1912can be used in connection with implementing one or more of the systemsor components (e.g., HGC, DMPH generator component, display component,etc.) shown and/or described in connection with, for example, FIGS.1-14. The system bus 1918 couples system components including, but notlimited to, the system memory 1916 to the processing unit 1914. Theprocessing unit 1914 can be any of various available processors. Dualmicroprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can beemployed as the processing unit 1914.

The system bus 1918 can be any of several types of bus structure(s)including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus orexternal bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available busarchitectures including, but not limited to, Industrial StandardArchitecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA(EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB),Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Card Bus, Universal Serial Bus(USB), Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory CardInternational Association bus (PCMCIA), Firewire (IEEE 1394), and SmallComputer Systems Interface (SCSI).

The system memory 1916 includes volatile memory 1920 and nonvolatilememory 1922. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basicroutines to transfer information between elements within the computer1912, such as during start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory 1922. Byway of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory 1922 caninclude read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electricallyprogrammable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM(EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory 1920 includes random accessmemory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way ofillustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such asstatic RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), doubledata rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM(SLDRAM), Rambus direct RAM (RDRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM),and Rambus dynamic RAM (RDRAM).

Computer 1912 also can include removable/non-removable,volatile/non-volatile computer storage media. FIG. 19 illustrates, forexample, a disk storage 1924. Disk storage 1924 includes, but is notlimited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tapedrive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-100 drive, flash memory card, or memorystick. In addition, disk storage 1924 can include storage mediaseparately or in combination with other storage media including, but notlimited to, an optical disk drive such as a compact disk ROM device(CD-ROM), CD recordable drive (CD-R Drive), CD rewritable drive (CD-RWDrive) or a digital versatile disk ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitateconnection of the disk storage devices 1924 to the system bus 1918, aremovable or non-removable interface is typically used, such asinterface 1926).

It is to be appreciated that FIG. 19 describes software that acts as anintermediary between users and the basic computer resources described inthe suitable operating environment 1900. Such software includes anoperating system 1928. Operating system 1928, which can be stored ondisk storage 1924, acts to control and allocate resources of thecomputer system 1912. System applications 1930 take advantage of themanagement of resources by operating system 1928 through program modules1932 and program data 1934 stored either in system memory 1916 or ondisk storage 1924. It is to be appreciated that the claimed subjectmatter can be implemented with various operating systems or combinationsof operating systems.

A user enters commands or information into the computer 1912 throughinput device(s) 1936. Input devices 1936 include, but are not limitedto, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad,keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TVtuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and thelike. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit 1914through the system bus 1918 via interface port(s) 1938. Interfaceport(s) 1938 include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, agame port, and a universal serial bus (USB). Output device(s) 1940 usesome of the same type of ports as input device(s) 1936. Thus, forexample, a USB port may be used to provide input to computer 1912, andto output information from computer 1912 to an output device 1940.Output adapter 1942 is provided to illustrate that there are some outputdevices 1940 like monitors, speakers, and printers, among other outputdevices 1940, which require special adapters. The output adapters 1942include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and soundcards that provide a means of connection between the output device 1940and the system bus 1918. It should be noted that other devices and/orsystems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such asremote computer(s) 1944.

Computer 1912 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s)1944. The remote computer(s) 1944 can be a personal computer, a server,a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance,a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typicallyincludes many or all of the elements described relative to computer1912. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device 1946 isillustrated with remote computer(s) 1944. Remote computer(s) 1944 islogically connected to computer 1912 through a network interface 1948and then physically connected via communication connection 1950. Networkinterface 1948 encompasses wire and/or wireless communication networkssuch as local-area networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN). LANtechnologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), CopperDistributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet, Token Ring and the like.WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links,circuit switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks(ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and DigitalSubscriber Lines (DSL).

Communication connection(s) 1950 refers to the hardware/softwareemployed to connect the network interface 1948 to the bus 1918. Whilecommunication connection 1950 is shown for illustrative clarity insidecomputer 1912, it can also be external to computer 1912. Thehardware/software necessary for connection to the network interface 1948includes, for exemplary purposes only, internal and externaltechnologies such as, modems including regular telephone grade modems,cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards.

FIG. 20 is a schematic block diagram of a sample-computing environment2000 with which the subject disclosure can interact. The system 2000includes one or more client(s) 2010. The client(s) 2010 can be hardwareand/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). Thesystem 2000 also includes one or more server(s) 2030. Thus, system 2000can correspond to a two-tier client server model or a multi-tier model(e.g., client, middle tier server, data server), amongst other models.The server(s) 2030 can also be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads,processes, computing devices). The servers 2030 can house threads toperform transformations by employing the subject disclosure, forexample. One possible communication between a client 2010 and a server2030 may be in the form of a data packet transmitted between two or morecomputer processes.

The system 2000 includes a communication framework 2050 that can beemployed to facilitate communications between the client(s) 2010 and theserver(s) 2030. The client(s) 2010 are operatively connected to one ormore client data store(s) 2020 that can be employed to store informationlocal to the client(s) 2010. Similarly, the server(s) 2030 areoperatively connected to one or more server data store(s) 2040 that canbe employed to store information local to the servers 2030.

It is to be appreciated and understood that components (e.g.,holographic generator component, hologram enhancer component, expandercomponent, interpolator component, processor component, look-up table,data store, display component, etc.), as described with regard to aparticular system or method, can include the same or similarfunctionality as respective components (e.g., respectively namedcomponents or similarly named components) as described with regard toother systems or methods disclosed herein.

In addition, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” ratherthan an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clearfrom context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the naturalinclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or Xemploys both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any ofthe foregoing instances. Moreover, articles “a” and “an” as used in thesubject specification and annexed drawings should generally be construedto mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from contextto be directed to a singular form.

As used herein, the terms “example” and/or “exemplary” are utilized tomean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. For the avoidanceof doubt, the subject matter disclosed herein is not limited by suchexamples. In addition, any aspect or design described herein as an“example” and/or “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed aspreferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs, nor is it meantto preclude equivalent exemplary structures and techniques known tothose of ordinary skill in the art.

As utilized herein, terms “component,” “system,” and the like, can referto a computer-related entity, either hardware, software (e.g., inexecution), and/or firmware. For example, a component can be a processrunning on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, aprogram, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an applicationrunning on a server and the server can be a component. One or morecomponents can reside within a process and a component can be localizedon one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers.

Furthermore, the disclosed subject matter can be implemented as amethod, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programmingand/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware,or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement thedisclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as usedherein can encompass a computer program accessible from anycomputer-readable device, carrier, or media. For example, computerreadable media can include, but is not limited to, magnetic storagedevices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips . . . ), opticaldisks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD) . . . ),smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, key drive . .. ). Additionally it should be appreciated that a carrier wave can beemployed to carry computer-readable electronic data such as those usedin transmitting and receiving electronic mail or in accessing a networksuch as the Internet or a local area network (LAN). Of course, thoseskilled in the art will recognize many modifications can be made to thisconfiguration without departing from the scope or spirit of thedisclosed subject matter.

As it is employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” canrefer to substantially any computing processing unit or devicecomprising, but not limited to, single-core processors;single-processors with software multithread execution capability;multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithreadexecution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithreadtechnology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributedshared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integratedcircuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digitalsignal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), agraphics processing unit (GPU), a programmable logic controller (PLC), acomplex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistorlogic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designedto perform the functions described herein. Further, processors canexploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecularand quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order tooptimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment. Aprocessor may also be implemented as a combination of computingprocessing units.

In this disclosure, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “data store,”“data storage,” “database,” and substantially any other informationstorage component relevant to operation and functionality of a componentare utilized to refer to “memory components,” entities embodied in a“memory,” or components comprising a memory. It is to be appreciatedthat memory and/or memory components described herein can be eithervolatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile andnonvolatile memory.

By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory caninclude read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electricallyprogrammable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flashmemory, or nonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectricRAM (FeRAM)). Volatile memory can include RAM, which can act as externalcache memory, for example. By way of illustration and not limitation,RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamicRAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDRSDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct RambusRAM (DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and Rambus dynamic RAM(RDRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems ormethods herein are intended to include, without being limited toincluding, these and any other suitable types of memory.

Some portions of the detailed description have been presented in termsof algorithms and/or symbolic representations of operations on data bitswithin a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and/orrepresentations are the means employed by those cognizant in the art tomost effectively convey the substance of their work to others equallyskilled. An algorithm is here, generally, conceived to be aself-consistent sequence of acts leading to a desired result. The actsare those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities.Typically, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form ofelectrical and/or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred,combined, compared, and/or otherwise manipulated.

It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of commonusage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols,characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be borne in mind,however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated withthe appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labelsapplied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise asapparent from the foregoing discussion, it is appreciated thatthroughout the disclosed subject matter, discussions utilizing termssuch as processing, computing, calculating, determining, and/ordisplaying, and the like, refer to the action and processes of computersystems, and/or similar consumer and/or industrial electronic devicesand/or machines, that manipulate and/or transform data represented asphysical (electrical and/or electronic) quantities within the computer'sand/or machine's registers and memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the machine and/or computersystem memories or registers or other such information storage,transmission and/or display devices.

What has been described above includes examples of aspects of thedisclosed subject matter. It is, of course, not possible to describeevery conceivable combination of components or methods for purposes ofdescribing the disclosed subject matter, but one of ordinary skill inthe art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations ofthe disclosed subject matter are possible. Accordingly, the disclosedsubject matter is intended to embrace all such alterations,modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope ofthe appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms“includes,” “has,” or “having,” or variations thereof, are used ineither the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intendedto be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as“comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in aclaim.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: at least one memory thatstores computer executable components; and at least one processor thatfacilitates execution of the computer executable components stored inthe at least one memory, the computer executable components, comprising:a holographic generator component that generates a hologram, based atleast in part on an object scene, wherein the hologram corresponds tothe object scene; and a facilitator component that generates a grating,generates a mask based at least in part on the object scene, andoverlays the mask on the grating to facilitate generation of thehologram by the holographic generator component.
 2. The system of claim1, wherein the grating is a high-resolution grating and the mask is alow-resolution mask, and the high-resolution grating has a higherresolution than the low-resolution mask.
 3. The system of claim 2,wherein a pixel size of the mask is greater than a pixel size of thegrating by a defined factor, and the defined factor is based at least inpart on the pixel size of the mask.
 4. The system of claim 1, whereinthe facilitator component superposes the mask and the grating tofacilitate the generation of the hologram.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein the facilitator component generates the grating as one of afirst grating having a random binary pattern, a second grating having aperiodic pattern based at least in part on a mathematical function, or athird grating that comprises pixels having randomly assigned degrees oftransparency.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the facilitatorcomponent generates the mask as one of a first binary mask having pixelsthat are opaque or transparent, or a second mask that includes pixelsthat respectively have transparency levels ranging from transparent toopaque.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the facilitator componentidentifies the mask based at least in part on an objective function thatis defined to determine an error between a reconstructed image relatingto the hologram and a planar target image relating to the hologram. 8.The system of claim 7, wherein the facilitator component identifies themask based at least in part on the objective function being at leastsubstantially minimized, in accordance with a defined hologramgeneration criterion.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the facilitatorcomponent performs a process, based at least in part on at least one ofa simple genetic algorithm, a particle swarm optimization process, or adifferential evolution process, to facilitate identification of themask.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the facilitator componentencrypts the mask based at least in part on an encryption key, andgenerates the grating for use in part as the encryption key tofacilitate decryption of the mask and reconstruction of the hologram bya display component.
 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising adisplay component that includes one or more display units that generateand display one or more holographic images based at least in part on thehologram.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein a display unit of the oneor more display units is a liquid crystal display device or a liquidcrystal on silicon display device.
 13. The system of claim 12, whereinthe display unit has a dot-pitch of about 20 microns or more.
 14. Thesystem of claim 12, wherein the display unit is partitioned into a tilestructure comprising a set of tiles, and respective tiles of the set oftiles display respective holographic images associated with thehologram.
 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the object scene is athree-dimensional object scene, and the hologram is a full-parallaxthree-dimensional hologram.
 16. A method, comprising: generating, by asystem including at least one processor, a grating pattern; generating,by the system, a mask pattern based at least in part on an object sceneand the grating pattern; and overlaying, by the system the mask patternon to the grating pattern to facilitate generating a hologram thatcorresponds to the object scene.
 17. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising: generating the grating pattern having a first resolution;and generating the mask pattern having a second resolution, wherein thefirst resolution is a higher resolution than the second resolution. 18.The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating the gratingpattern as one of a first grating pattern having a random binarypattern, a second grating pattern having a periodic pattern, or a thirdgrating pattern that comprises pixels having randomly assigned degreesof transparency; and generating the mask pattern as one of a firstbinary mask pattern having each pixel being opaque or transparent, or asecond mask pattern that includes pixels that respectively havetransparency levels ranging from transparent to opaque.
 19. The methodof claim 16, further comprising: determining the mask pattern based atleast in part on an objective function that is defined to determine anerror between a reconstructed image relating to the hologram and aplanar target image relating to the hologram.
 20. The method of claim19, further comprising: determining the mask pattern based at least inpart on the objective function being at least substantially minimized,in accordance with a defined hologram generation criterion that is basedat least in part on a defined number of iterations to perform in aniterative process that facilitates the determining of the mask pattern.21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: determining the maskpattern using at least one of a simple genetic algorithm, a particleswarm optimization process, or a differential evolution process.
 22. Themethod of claim 21, further comprising: encrypting the mask patternbased at least in part on an encryption key; and generating the gratingpattern for use in part as the encryption key to facilitate decryptingthe mask pattern and generating a holographic image that corresponds tothe object scene.
 23. The method of claim 16, further comprising:arranging the mask pattern and the grating pattern in relation to anillumination beam to position the mask pattern between the gratingpattern and the illumination beam to facilitate generating a holographicimage that corresponds to the object scene.
 24. The method of claim 16,further comprising: arranging the mask pattern and the grating patternin relation to an illumination beam to position the grating patternbetween the mask pattern and the illumination beam to facilitategenerating a holographic image that corresponds to the object scene. 25.The method of claim 16, further comprising: partitioning a displayscreen of a display unit into a tile structure comprising a set oftiles, and respective tiles of the set of tiles display respectiveholographic images associated with the hologram.
 26. A non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium comprising computer executableinstructions that, in response to execution, cause a system including aprocessor to perform operations, comprising: generating a grating image;generating a mask image based at least in part on a three-dimensionalobject scene and the grating image; and overlaying the mask image on tothe grating image to facilitate generating a hologram that correspondsto the three-dimensional object scene.
 27. The non-transitory computerreadable storage medium of claim 26, wherein the operations furthercomprise: determining the mask image as a function of an objectivefunction that is defined to determine a root mean square error between areconstructed image relating to the hologram and a planar target imagerelating to the hologram.
 28. A system, comprising: means for generatinga grating; means for generating a mask based at least in part on athree-dimensional object scene and the grating; and means forsuperposing the mask and the grating to facilitate generating a hologramthat corresponds to the three-dimensional object scene.
 29. The systemof claim 28, further comprising: means for determining the mask as afunction of an objective function that is defined to determine an errorbetween a reconstructed image relating to the hologram and a planartarget image relating to the hologram.